DEVELOPMENT
Class 10 | RBSE & CBSE Board Exam 2026
Complete Wikipedia-Style Notes | Marwari Mission 100™
📋 Table of Contents
1. Introduction to Development
Development is one of the most fundamental concepts in economics. It refers to the progress and improvement in the quality of life of people. Different people may have different ideas about what development means to them because their situations and needs vary.
When we think about the progress of a nation, we often look at economic growth. But development is much more than just increasing income. It includes better health facilities, quality education, social security, and overall improvement in living standards.
📘 Definition: Development
Development refers to the progress of a country or region in terms of economic growth, improvement in standard of living, and enhancement in the quality of life of its people. It involves not just increase in income but also better health, education, and social security.
Key Aspects of Development:
- Economic Growth: Increase in national income and per capita income
- Social Progress: Better education, healthcare, and social services
- Human Development: Improvement in life expectancy and literacy
- Quality of Life: Access to basic amenities and facilities
- Sustainable Growth: Development without harming the environment
2. Different People, Different Development Goals
Different people can have different development goals because what may be development for one may not be for another. People seek different things because their situations, needs, and aspirations vary.
Examples of Different Development Goals:
| Person/Group | Development Goal | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Landless Rural Laborer | More days of work, better wages | No land ownership, depends on daily wages |
| Prosperous Farmer | Higher prices for crops, cheap labor | Wants to maximize profits from farming |
| Urban Unemployed Youth | Regular job with good salary | Needs stable income for living |
| Girl from Rich Family | Equal treatment, freedom to study | Money is not a problem, wants respect |
| Adivasi (Tribal) | Protection of forests, land rights | Livelihood depends on forests |
💡 Key Insight
What is common among different goals is that people want more income, but they also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect. Development involves a mix of goals including income AND non-income factors.
Conflicting Goals:
Sometimes development goals of different people can be conflicting. For example:
- A laborer wants higher wages, but the farmer wants cheap labor
- Industrialists want to set up factories, but tribals want to protect forests
- A dam project may help generate electricity but may displace local people
3. Income and Other Criteria for Development
While comparing countries or states, income is one important criterion but not the only one. We need to look at other factors like health, education, and public facilities for a complete picture of development.
3.1 Per Capita Income
📘 Definition: Per Capita Income
Per Capita Income is the average income of a person in a country in a year. It is calculated by dividing the Total National Income by the Total Population.
Formula: Per Capita Income = Total National Income ÷ Total Population
World Bank Classification (2019):
| Category | Per Capita Income (Per Year) |
|---|---|
| Rich/Developed Countries | US$ 12,056 or more |
| Low Income/Developing Countries | US$ 1,035 or less |
| India (2019) | US$ 2,100 (Middle Income Country) |
3.2 Limitations of Per Capita Income:
- Hides Inequality: Does not show how income is distributed among people
- Ignores Non-Material Aspects: Does not consider health, education, freedom
- Misleading Average: Average income may rise but majority may still be poor
- No Quality Measure: Does not reflect quality of life or happiness
- Ignores Environment: Does not consider environmental degradation
📌 Example: Punjab vs Kerala
Punjab has higher per capita income than Kerala, but Kerala has better human development indicators (higher literacy rate, better health facilities, lower infant mortality). This shows that income alone is not sufficient to measure development.
4. Human Development Index (HDI)
📘 Definition: Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI is a composite index published by UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) that measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions of human development: Health, Education, and Standard of Living.
4.1 Three Components of HDI:
| Component | Indicator | What it Measures |
|---|---|---|
| 🏥 Health | Life Expectancy at Birth | Average years a person is expected to live |
| 📚 Education | Mean Years of Schooling + Expected Years of Schooling | Literacy and education level |
| 💰 Standard of Living | Per Capita Income (GNI) | Economic well-being of people |
4.2 Country Comparison (HDI 2019):
| Country | Per Capita Income ($) | Life Expectancy | Mean Years School | HDI Rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 🇳🇴 Norway | 66,494 | 82.4 | 12.6 | 1 |
| 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka | 12,707 | 77 | 10.6 | 72 |
| 🇮🇳 India | 6,681 | 69.7 | 6.5 | 131 |
| 🇲🇲 Myanmar | 4,961 | 67.1 | 5.0 | 147 |
| 🇳🇪 Niger | 1,201 | 62.4 | 2.1 | 189 |
📊 Important Observation
Sri Lanka has a lower per capita income than India but has a higher HDI rank because of better performance in health and education. This proves that income alone is not sufficient to measure development.
5. Sustainability of Development
📘 Definition: Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development is development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It was defined in the Brundtland Commission Report (1987).
5.1 Types of Resources:
| ♻️ Renewable Resources | ⚠️ Non-Renewable Resources |
|---|---|
|
Can be replenished naturally Examples: Solar energy, Wind energy, Water, Forests (if managed properly), Tidal energy |
Cannot be replenished once exhausted Examples: Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas, Minerals (Iron, Copper, Gold) |
| Sustainable use is possible | Need conservation and alternatives |
5.2 Environmental Degradation:
Development often leads to environmental problems:
- Groundwater Depletion: Over-extraction for irrigation and industry
- Air Pollution: Industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, burning of fuels
- Deforestation: Clearing forests for agriculture and urbanization
- Global Warming: Increase in greenhouse gases leading to climate change
- Resource Depletion: Over-use of non-renewable resources like coal and oil
⚠️ Important Fact
Crude oil reserves will last only about 50 years at current rate of extraction. This highlights the urgent need for sustainable development and alternative energy sources.
6. Public Facilities
Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services you need. Public facilities provided by the government are essential for development and better quality of life.
Examples of Public Facilities:
Schools & Colleges
Hospitals & Health Centers
Roads & Railways
Electricity Supply
Clean Drinking Water
PDS (Ration Shops)
💡 Why Public Facilities Matter
In India, about 35% of the population lives in urban areas. Cities have serious problems like unsafe drinking water, pollution, and diseases due to crowding. Public facilities are needed to tackle these problems that individuals cannot solve alone.
🎯 Key Points for Board Exam
- Development = Progress + Quality of Life improvement
- Different people have different development goals based on their situations
- Per Capita Income = Total National Income ÷ Population
- World Bank: Rich countries = $12,056+ per year (2019)
- HDI = Health + Education + Income (published by UNDP)
- India's HDI Rank = 131 (2019)
- Norway = Rank 1 in HDI
- Sustainable Development = Meet present needs without harming future
- Brundtland Commission Report = 1987 (defined sustainability)
- Renewable: Solar, Wind, Water | Non-renewable: Coal, Petroleum
- Crude oil reserves will last only ~50 years
- Public facilities are essential for development (schools, hospitals, roads)
📝 Important Questions
1 Mark Questions (MCQ/Very Short):
Q1. Who publishes the Human Development Report?
Ans: UNDP (United Nations Development Programme)
Q2. What criterion does World Bank use to classify countries?
Ans: Per Capita Income
Q3. Which country has the highest HDI rank?
Ans: Norway (Rank 1)
Q4. What is India's HDI rank (2019)?
Ans: 131
3 Mark Questions (Short Answer):
Q5. What are the three components of HDI?
Ans: (1) Health - measured by Life Expectancy at Birth, (2) Education - measured by Mean Years of Schooling and Expected Years of Schooling, (3) Standard of Living - measured by Per Capita Income (GNI).
Q6. What is Sustainable Development? Give one example.
Ans: Sustainable Development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Example: Using solar energy instead of coal - solar energy is renewable and does not pollute, ensuring resources for future generations.
5 Mark Questions (Long Answer):
Q7. Why do different people have different development goals? Explain with examples.
Ans: Different people have different development goals because their situations, needs, and aspirations vary. Examples: (1) A landless laborer wants more work and better wages because he has no land and depends on daily work. (2) A prosperous farmer wants higher crop prices and low labor costs to maximize profit. (3) An urban youth wants a regular job with good salary for stable income. (4) A girl from a rich family wants equal treatment and freedom as she already has money. These examples show that development goals depend on individual circumstances.
Q8. "Average income is useful but not sufficient for comparing countries." Explain.
Ans: Average income (Per Capita Income) is useful for comparing economic status but has limitations: (1) It hides inequality - two countries may have same average but different distribution. (2) It ignores non-material aspects like health, education, freedom. (3) It does not show quality of life or happiness. Example: Punjab has higher per capita income than Kerala, but Kerala has better literacy rate and health indicators. Hence, HDI which includes health and education is a better measure.
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