RBSE Class 10 Science Chapter 2: Acids, Bases and Salts (Complete Encyclopedia) 2026
NCERT / RBSE aligned • Board Exam Oriented • Hindi + English
Acids, Bases and Salts (अम्ल, क्षारक एवं लवण) कक्षा 10 विज्ञान का सबसे scoring और application-based अध्याय है। इस अध्याय से हर वर्ष बोर्ड परीक्षा में 8–12 अंक के प्रश्न पूछे जाते हैं और competitive exams की भी foundation यही बनती है।
1. Acids (अम्ल)
Acid वह पदार्थ है जो जलीय विलयन में H⁺ (Hydrogen ion) प्रदान करता है।
उदाहरण:
HCl → H⁺ + Cl⁻ H₂SO₄ → 2H⁺ + SO₄²⁻
Types of Acids
- Mineral Acids: HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃
- Organic Acids: Acetic acid, Citric acid
- Strong Acids: HCl, HNO₃
- Weak Acids: Acetic acid
Exam Tip: Dry HCl gas does not change dry litmus paper.
2. Bases (क्षारक)
Base वह पदार्थ है जो जलीय विलयन में OH⁻ (Hydroxide ion) प्रदान करता है।
NaOH → Na⁺ + OH⁻ KOH → K⁺ + OH⁻
Alkali (क्षार)
Water soluble bases are called alkalis.
- NaOH – Sodium hydroxide
- KOH – Potassium hydroxide
3. Salts (लवण)
A salt is formed when an acid reacts with a base.
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O
Types of Salts
- Neutral salts – NaCl
- Acidic salts – NH₄Cl
- Basic salts – Na₂CO₃
4. pH Scale
pH scale is used to measure acidity or basicity of a solution.
- pH < 7 → Acidic
- pH = 7 → Neutral
- pH > 7 → Basic
Very Important: Lower pH value → Stronger acid
5. Indicators (सूचक)
| Indicator | Acid | Base |
|---|---|---|
| Litmus | Red | Blue |
| Methyl Orange | Red | Yellow |
| Phenolphthalein | Colorless | Pink |
6. Important Salts (Industrial Importance)
Baking Soda (NaHCO₃)
- Used in baking
- Used in fire extinguishers
Washing Soda (Na₂CO₃·10H₂O)
- Cleaning agent
- Softening hard water
Plaster of Paris (CaSO₄·½H₂O)
- Making statues
- Orthopedic casts
Common Exam Mistakes (Avoid These)
- Acids show acidic nature only in aqueous solution
- All bases are not alkalis
- pH scale has no unit
Important Board Questions
- Define acids and bases.
- What is pH scale?
- Why is tooth decay faster in acidic medium?
- Write preparation and uses of baking soda.
- Explain importance of pH in soil.
Next Chapters: Metals and Non-metals • Carbon and its Compounds • Life Processes
© RBSE Class 10 Science Notes 2026 | ncertclasses.com
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