Cold War (1947-1991): USA (Capitalism) vs USSR (Communism) — सीधी लड़ाई नहीं, प्रतिद्वंद्विता (rivalry)।
दो गुट: NATO (1949 — USA + Western Europe) vs Warsaw Pact (1955 — USSR + Eastern Europe)।
Arms Race: Nuclear weapons — MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction) — इसीलिए सीधा युद्ध नहीं हुआ!
Proxy Wars: Korean War (1950-53), Vietnam War (1955-75), Cuban Missile Crisis (1962 ⭐ — closest to nuclear war!)
Cuban Missile Crisis: USSR ने Cuba में missiles रखीं → USA ने naval blockade → Kennedy-Khrushchev negotiation → USSR ने missiles हटाईं → Hotline स्थापित।
NAM (Non-Aligned Movement): भारत + Yugoslavia + Egypt — न USA, न USSR — तीसरा विकल्प। Nehru, Tito, Nasser = founders।
Cold War End: 1991 — USSR विघटन → 15 independent states → USA = sole superpower।

USSR विघटन (1991): Mikhail Gorbachev — Perestroika (आर्थिक सुधार) + Glasnost (खुलापन/transparency) → Communist hardliners का coup → Boris Yeltsin → CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States)।
कारण: Arms race का बोझ, आर्थिक stagnation, Gorbachev reforms, Nationalism in republics, Afghanistan War (1979-89)।
परिणाम: Unipolar world (USA), New countries (Russia, Ukraine, Baltic states), Capitalism wins, India lost a major ally।
Shock Therapy: Russia + Eastern Europe — sudden shift to capitalism → Inequality ↑, Mafia ↑, GDP ↓, Social problems।

US Hegemony Types:
(1) Military: Strongest army, bases worldwide, Gulf War (1991), Afghanistan (2001), Iraq (2003)
(2) Economic: Dollar = global currency, IMF/World Bank/WTO dominated by US
(3) Cultural/Soft Power: Hollywood, English language, Jeans, McDonald's, Internet
9/11 (2001): Twin Towers attack → War on Terror → Afghanistan invasion → Iraq War (2003, Saddam Hussein, WMD excuse)।
Constraints on US: NATO allies, UN, Domestic opinion, Economic cost of wars
India's Strategy: Bandwagon (benefit from US) + Hide (avoid direct confrontation) — India chose economic engagement।

European Union (EU): Economic + Political integration। Euro currency, Schengen visa, European Parliament। Started as EEC (1957) → EU (1992 Maastricht Treaty)। Member states share sovereignty।
ASEAN: Southeast Asian Nations — economic cooperation, dispute resolution, Southeast Asian unity। ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)।
China: 1978 reforms (Deng Xiaoping — SEZs, Open Door Policy) → world's 2nd largest economy। One-Party rule + Market economy = "Socialism with Chinese characteristics"।
India-China: Panchsheel (1954), 1962 War, Current — economic partners + border disputes।

SAARC: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives, Afghanistan — cooperation limited due to India-Pakistan tensions।
India-Pakistan: Kashmir issue, wars (1947, 1965, 1971, 1999 Kargil), Nuclear tests (1998), Peace process ongoing।
India-Bangladesh: 1971 liberation (Mukti Bahini), friendly but issues — illegal migration, river water sharing, Teesta dispute।
Sri Lanka: Tamil-Sinhala conflict, LTTE, IPKF (India), civil war ended 2009।
Nepal: Constitutional monarchy → Republic (2008), Maoist movement, India's influence debate।
Democracy in South Asia: All countries have experienced democracy and military rule (except India — continuous democracy)।

United Nations: 1945, 193 members। General Assembly, Security Council (5 Permanent — USA, UK, France, Russia, China + 10 non-permanent), Secretariat, ICJ।
Veto Power: P5 can block any resolution — criticised as undemocratic।
UN Reform Debate: India wants permanent UNSC seat। G4 (India, Germany, Japan, Brazil) vs Coffee Club (oppose expansion)।
IMF, World Bank, WTO: Bretton Woods institutions — US dominance criticised। Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) controversial।
India's role: Peacekeeping missions, founding member UN, G20, Non-permanent UNSC member multiple times।

Traditional Security: Military threats, External attacks, Balance of Power, Alliances, Deterrence
Non-Traditional Security: Terrorism, Human rights, Migration, Poverty, Health (epidemics), Environment, Cyber threats
Global Security: Nuclear proliferation, Terrorism (9/11), Climate change, Refugee crisis
India's Security: Border disputes (China, Pakistan), Nuclear capability, Internal security (insurgency), Terrorism

Global Commons: Antarctica, Ocean floor, Outer space, Atmosphere — किसी एक देश के नहीं।
Earth Summit (1992, Rio): Agenda 21, Sustainable Development, Convention on Climate Change + Biodiversity।
Kyoto Protocol (1997): Greenhouse gas emission targets — developed countries to cut emissions। USA didn't ratify!
Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR): Developed countries = historical polluters = more responsibility | Developing countries = right to develop।
India's Stand: CBDR, Clean energy targets, Paris Agreement (2015), but need development space।
Indigenous People: Traditional knowledge, rights over resources, biodiversity conservation।

Globalisation = Political + Economic + Cultural interconnection
Causes: Technology (Internet, telecom), MNCs, WTO, Liberalisation policies
Economic: Free trade, FDI, MNCs, WTO, IMF — developing countries' markets opened
Cultural: McDonaldization, Westernization, BUT also cultural exchange (Yoga, Bollywood global)
Political: State sovereignty challenged, NGOs more powerful, International laws
Criticism: Rich-poor gap ↑, Job losses in developing countries, Cultural homogenization, Environment damage
India & Globalisation: 1991 LPG reforms, IT revolution, Outsourcing hub, BUT inequality, farmer distress, Resistance (anti-WTO movements)

3 Challenges at Independence:
(1) विभाजन (Partition): 1 करोड़+ विस्थापित, साम्प्रदायिक हिंसा, Refugee rehabilitation
(2) रियासतों का विलय (Integration of Princely States): 565 रियासतें → Sardar Patel + V.P. Menon = Iron Man diplomacy। Junagadh (Plebiscite), Hyderabad (Operation Polo), Kashmir (Instrument of Accession)।
(3) भाषा समस्या: States Reorganisation Commission (1953) → Linguistic states (1956)। Andhra Pradesh = first linguistic state (Telugu, 1953)।

Congress Dominance (1952-1967): First 3 General Elections — Congress won massive majority। "Congress System" = one dominant party + opposition exists।
Nehru's Role: Democratic socialism, Planning Commission, Mixed economy, NAM, Panchsheel, Industrialization (Bhilai, Bokaro Steel)।
Why Congress Dominated: Freedom struggle legacy, Nehru's charisma, Umbrella party (all groups included), Weak opposition, Organisation at grassroots।
Opposition Parties: Communist Party (CPI — Kerala 1957 = first elected Communist govt!), Swatantra Party (free market), Jana Sangh (cultural nationalism), Socialist Party (Ram Manohar Lohia)।
First 3 Elections: 1952 (Nehru), 1957 (Nehru), 1962 (Nehru) — all Congress victories।

Planning Commission (1950): PM = Chairman। Five Year Plans।
Debate: Industrialisation (Nehru-Mahalanobis model — Heavy industry) vs Agriculture (Charan Singh — Farmer first)।
Mixed Economy: Public sector (strategic industries) + Private sector (consumer goods)।
Green Revolution (1960s): Punjab, Haryana — HYV seeds, irrigation, fertilisers → Food surplus BUT regional inequality, rich farmer benefited more।
Cooperative Movement: Amul (Gujarat) — White Revolution (milk)।
Criticism: Inequality persisted, Poverty not eliminated, Bureaucratic control, License Raj।

Nehru's Foreign Policy: NAM (Non-Alignment), Panchsheel (1954 — 5 principles of peaceful coexistence with China), Anti-colonialism, Anti-racism।
India-China: Panchsheel (1954) → "Hindi-Chini Bhai-Bhai" → 1962 War (border dispute, India defeated) → Strained relations → Recent border tensions।
India-Pakistan: Kashmir = core issue। Wars: 1947-48, 1965, 1971 (Bangladesh liberation), 1999 (Kargil)। Shimla Agreement (1972), Lahore Declaration (1999)।
Nuclear Policy: 1974 Pokhran-I (Smiling Buddha — "peaceful" test), 1998 Pokhran-II (Shakti — India declares nuclear power)।
India's Shifting Position: NAM → Post-Cold War → Indo-US Nuclear Deal (2005) → Multi-alignment strategy।

1967 Elections = Turning Point: Congress lost in 8 states! First time non-Congress govts (SVD — Samyukta Vidhayak Dal)।
Congress Split (1969): Indira Gandhi vs "Syndicate" (old guard — Morarji Desai, Kamaraj)। Congress (R) = Indira, Congress (O) = Organisation/Syndicate।
Indira's Populism: "Garibi Hatao" (1971 election slogan), Bank nationalisation (1969), Privy purse abolition (1971)।
1971 War: Bangladesh liberation, India's decisive victory, Shimla Agreement (1972)।
1971 Elections: Indira's massive victory → Congress dominance restored through populism।

Emergency (25 June 1975 - March 1977): Article 352 (Internal Disturbance)।
कारण: (1) Allahabad HC — Indira's election void (Raj Narain case) (2) JP Movement (Jayaprakash Narayan — "Total Revolution") (3) Railway Strike (1974, George Fernandes) (4) Economic crisis — inflation, oil shock।
Emergency के दौरान: Fundamental Rights suspended, Press censorship, Opposition leaders arrested (JP, Morarji, Vajpayee, Advani), Compulsory sterilisation (Sanjay Gandhi), MISA & DIR used।
42nd Amendment: "Mini Constitution" — strengthened Parliament vs Judiciary।
1977 Elections: Janata Party (JP+Congress(O)+Jana Sangh+BLD+Socialist) → first non-Congress govt at Centre! Morarji Desai = PM।
Janata Party's Fall: Internal conflicts, No clear agenda except "anti-Congress", 1980 — Indira back with "Indira is India" campaign।
Lessons: Democracy is resilient, Courts eventually restored rights (44th Amendment), Press freedom essential, Emergency = dark chapter BUT democratic institutions survived।

Chipko Movement (1973): Uttarakhand, Women hugged trees to prevent cutting। Sunderlal Bahuguna, Gaura Devi। Environmental + Women's empowerment।
Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA): Medha Patkar, Sardar Sarovar Dam opposition, Displacement of tribals, "Development vs Environment" debate।
Dalit Panthers (1972): Maharashtra, Inspired by Black Panthers (USA), Against caste discrimination, Dalit literature movement।
Farmers' Movements: BKU (Bharatiya Kisan Union — Mahendra Singh Tikait), MSP demands, Anti-globalisation।
Anti-Arrack Movement (1990s): Andhra Pradesh, Women against alcohol, Led to prohibition policies।
RTI Movement: Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKSS — Aruna Roy), Right to Information Act 2005।

Kashmir: Article 370 (Special Status), Instrument of Accession, Insurgency, India-Pak disputes, AFSPA।
Punjab: Akali Dal — Anandpur Sahib Resolution (more autonomy), Operation Blue Star (1984 — Golden Temple), Indira Gandhi assassination, 1984 anti-Sikh riots, Punjab Accord (Rajiv-Longowal, 1985)।
North-East: Seven Sisters — Naga insurgency (AFSPA), Mizo Accord (1986 — Laldenga), Assam Movement (anti-foreigner — Assam Accord 1985), AFSPA controversy।
Dravidian Movement: Tamil Nadu — Anti-Hindi, Anti-Brahmin, DMK + AIADMK = regional dominance।
India's Approach: "Unity in Diversity" — Negotiation + Autonomy + Integration (not suppression)।

Mandal Commission (1990): V.P. Singh implemented OBC reservations (27%) → Anti-Mandal protests, Self-immolation incidents, Social justice vs Merit debate।
Ayodhya/Babri Issue: Ram Janmabhoomi movement, 6 Dec 1992 — Babri Masjid demolition → Communal riots → Political realignment।
Coalition Era (1989 onwards): No single party majority → Coalition politics। NDA (BJP-led), UPA (Congress-led)।
1991 LPG Reforms: PM Narasimha Rao + FM Manmohan Singh — Liberalisation, Privatisation, Globalisation → Economic transformation।
Rise of BJP: From 2 seats (1984) → Opposition (1991) → NDA govt (1998-2004, Vajpayee) → Majority (2014, 2019 — Modi)।
Key Trends: Coalition politics, Identity politics (caste/religion), Criminalisation of politics, Anti-incumbency, Social media in politics।

Day 1: Ch.1 (Nation Building) + Ch.2 (One-Party Dominance ⭐) + Ch.5 (Congress Challenges/Indira)। Timeline बनाओ!

Day 2: Ch.6 (Emergency ⭐⭐ MOST IMP!) + Ch.7 (Popular Movements) + Ch.9 (Coalition Era, Mandal, Ayodhya)।

Morning: Book 2 — Ch.3 (Planning) + Ch.4 (Foreign Relations) + Ch.8 (Regional Aspirations)।

Evening: Book 1 — Ch.1 (Cold War ⭐) + Ch.2 (End of Bipolarity/USSR)।

Day 4: Ch.3 (US Hegemony) + Ch.4 (EU, ASEAN, China) + Ch.5 (South Asia/SAARC)।

Day 5: Ch.6 (UN/International Orgs) + Ch.7 (Security) + Ch.8 (Environment) + Ch.9 (Globalisation ⭐)।

NCERT back exercises — all cartoons + passages practice। Map work practice।
📝 200 MCQ Test → | 📝 Top 50 MCQ (Hindi) →

Morning: Emergency facts + Cold War timeline + PM timeline (Coalition era)।

Afternoon: Popular Movements (leader+place+cause) + Globalisation pros/cons + NAM।

10 PM: 😴 सो जाओ! Blue pen + Admit Card ready!