Hindi Sangya (संज्ञा) Guide: 5 Types, Gender Rules, Examples & Quiz | Part 5
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LEARN HINDI GRAMMAR — PART 5 OF 13
Hindi Sangya — Complete Noun Guide
संज्ञा — हिंदी व्याकरण की आधारशिला
Master all 5 types of Hindi Nouns — Vyaktivaachak, Jaativaachak, Bhaavvaachak, Dravyavaachak & Samuhvaachak — plus gender rules, plural forms, and 100+ examples with gender tags.
📝 Editorial Note: Follows school-level Hindi grammar (NCERT/RBSE standard). Designed for English speakers and global learners. Linguistic nuance is noted where relevant.
Sangya (संज्ञा) is the Hindi word for Noun — the name of any person, place, thing, feeling, or quality. Every naming word in Hindi is a Sangya. It is the most fundamental part of speech — almost every sentence contains at least one Sangya, and its gender affects every adjective and verb around it.
संज्ञा = किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान, वस्तु, भाव या गुण के नाम को संज्ञा कहते हैं। राम (person) • दिल्ली (place) • किताब (thing) • प्यार (feeling) = सब संज्ञाएँ
Section 1
What is Sangya?संज्ञा क्या है?
Sangya names 4 categories — person, place, thing, and feeling/quality
संज्ञा वह शब्द है जो किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान, वस्तु, भावना या गुण का नाम बताता है।
A Sangya is the word that tells the name of any person, place, thing, feeling, or quality.
The word Sangya (संज्ञा) comes from Sanskrit: sam (complete) + gya (name). Literally: a complete name. Every noun in Hindi is a Sangya — the naming word for anything that exists, is felt, or can be thought of.
💡
Why Sangya is Different from English Noun
Unlike English, every Hindi Sangya has a grammatical gender (masculine or feminine) — even inanimate objects! This gender then affects every adjective and verb in the sentence. This is the biggest challenge Hindi poses for English speakers — and the gender section covers it fully.
Section 2
5 Types of Sangyaसंज्ञा के 5 भेद
All 5 types of Hindi Sangya — school-level classification (NCERT/RBSE standard)
①Type 1 — Proper NounVyaktivaachak Sangyaव्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञाNames ONE specific, unique person, place, or thing. Only ONE of it exists in context. Ram refers to a specific individual — not all people named Ram.
Examples
राम personसीता personदिल्ली cityगंगा riverभारत countryहिमालय mountainताजमहल monumentरामायण book
Key test: Does it refer to ONE specific, unique entity? → Vyaktivaachak. गंगा (specific river) = Vyaktivaachak. नदी (river in general) = Jaativaachak.
②Type 2 — Common NounJaativaachak Sangyaजातिवाचक संज्ञाNames an ENTIRE class or category. Any member of that type qualifies. "Boy" = all boys, not one specific boy.
Quick distinction: specific name → Vyaktivaachak | class/type name → Jaativaachak
③Type 3 — Abstract NounBhaavvaachak Sangyaभाववाचक संज्ञाNames feelings, emotions, qualities, states — things you CANNOT touch, see, or put in a box.
Examples
प्यार loveदर्द painखुशी happinessसच्चाई truthडर fearआज़ादी freedomबुढ़ापा old ageबहादुरी braveryमेहनत hard workईमानदारी honesty
Box test: Can you put it in a box? No → likely Bhaavvaachak. You cannot box "freedom" or "love"!
④Type 4 — Material NounDravyavaachak Sangyaद्रव्यवाचक संज्ञाNames substances/matter you can MEASURE or WEIGH — but not count individually. Liquids, metals, grains, materials.
Count test: Can you say "two golds"? No → Dravyavaachak. You say "100g of gold" or "a glass of water" — measured, not counted.
⑤Type 5 — Collective NounSamuhvaachak Sangyaसमूहवाचक संज्ञाNames a GROUP of individuals treated as ONE single unit. English: army, team, flock, crowd.
Examples
सेना armyभीड़ crowdपरिवार familyकक्षा classटीम teamझुंड herdमंडली troupeसंसद parliament
Key insight: सेना (army) = ONE collective unit — even though it contains many soldiers. Individual soldier = Jaativaachak. The group as one unit = Samuhvaachak.
Section 3
How to Form Bhaavvaachak Sangyaभाववाचक संज्ञा कैसे बनाएँ
⑤ SamuhvaachakGroup of individuals treated as ONE unitसेना, भीड़, परिवार, कक्षा, टीम
🏆 परीक्षा टिप — Exam Tip (NCERT/RBSE)
व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा:राम, गंगा, दिल्ली — specific name, only ONE जातिवाचक संज्ञा:लड़का, नदी, शहर — class/type, any member भाववाचक संज्ञा:खुशी, दर्द, प्यार — cannot touch/see द्रव्यवाचक संज्ञा:सोना, पानी, दूध — weigh/measure, not count समूहवाचक संज्ञा:सेना, परिवार, भीड़ — group as ONE unit
💡 Quick memory trick: गंगा (Vyaktivaachak) ≠ नदी (Jaativaachak) — same river, different types!
Section 5
Ling — Grammatical Genderलिंग — पुल्लिंग और स्त्रीलिंग
Pulling (masculine) vs Striling (feminine) — even objects like किताब (book) and पानी (water) have gender!
Hindi has two grammatical genders: Pulling (पुल्लिंग = masculine) and Striling (स्त्रीलिंग = feminine). Unlike English (where objects are neuter), every Hindi noun — including objects, abstract ideas, and substances — is either masculine or feminine.
⚠️
Why Gender Matters — It Affects Everything
Gender changes the adjective AND the verb in every sentence:
✓ यह अच्छा लड़का है। — This is a good boy. (masculine adjective)
✓ यह अच्छी लड़की है। — This is a good girl. (feminine adjective)
✓ यह किताब अच्छी है। — This book is good. (किताब is feminine!)
Get gender wrong → the whole sentence sounds unnatural to a native speaker.
Section 6
Gender Rules — 10 Key Patternsलिंग नियम — 10 महत्वपूर्ण पैटर्न
♂ Pulling (Masculine) Patterns
-आ ending:लड़का, घोड़ा, कमरा, बस्ता
Metals (mostly): सोना, लोहा
Liquids (mostly masc.): पानी ♂, दूध ♂, तेल ♂, शहद ♂ Exception (feminine): चाय ♀, कॉफी ♀, लस्सी ♀, शराब ♀ — common exam trap!
Trees (mostly): पेड़, बरगद, आम, नीम
Mountains: हिमालय, विंध्याचल
Days & months: सोमवार, मंगल, जनवरी
Abstract: प्यार, दर्द, डर, विश्वास
Suffix -आव:बहाव, लगाव, घुमाव
♀ Striling (Feminine) Patterns
-ई / -ि ending:लड़की, नदी, रोटी, साड़ी
-ाई ending:लड़ाई, मिठाई, पढ़ाई
Rivers: गंगा, यमुना, नर्मदा
Languages: हिंदी, संस्कृत, अंग्रेज़ी
Body parts (many): आँख, नाक, जीभ, गर्दन
Abstract feelings: खुशी, उदासी, थकान
किताब (book): always feminine
Roads & earth: सड़क, धरती, ज़मीन
📌
Gender-Changing Noun Pairs — Same Root, Different Forms
लड़का → लड़की | राजा → रानी | बेटा → बेटी | शेर → शेरनी | मोर → मोरनी | नेता → नेत्री | नर → मादा | भाई → बहन
Section 7
25 Common Nouns with Gender25 संज्ञाएँ — लिंग सहित
📱 Scroll right to see full table →
Hindi
Roman
Meaning
Gender
लड़का
ladkaa
boy
♂ Pulling
लड़की
ladkee
girl
♀ Striling
पानी
paanee
water
♂ Pulling
किताब
kitaab
book
♀ Striling
घर
ghar
house
♂ Pulling
नदी
nadee
river
♀ Striling
पेड़
ped
tree
♂ Pulling
सड़क
sadak
road
♀ Striling
दिन
din
day
♂ Pulling
रात
raat
night
♀ Striling
सूरज
sooraj
sun
♂ Pulling
धरती
dhartee
earth
♀ Striling
दूध
doodh
milk
♂ Pulling
चाय
chaay
tea
♀ Striling
कुत्ता
kuttaa
dog
♂ Pulling
बिल्ली
billee
cat
♀ Striling
फूल
phool
flower
♂ Pulling
हिंदी
Hindee
Hindi language
♀ Striling
स्कूल
school
school
♂ Pulling
दुकान
dukaan
shop
♀ Striling
खाना
khaanaa
food
♂ Pulling
रोटी
rotee
bread
♀ Striling
कमरा
kamraa
room
♂ Pulling
मेज़
mez
table
♀ Striling
खिड़की
khirkee
window
♀ Striling
Section 8
Vachan — Singular to Pluralवचन — एकवचन से बहुवचन
Hindi noun plural forms depend on gender and word ending. Three main rules:
Masculine: adjective ends -आ, verb ends -आ → लड़का बड़ा हो गया। Feminine: adjective ends -ई, verb ends -ई → लड़की बड़ी हो गई।
This gender agreement makes Hindi sentences sound natural — get it right and your Hindi instantly improves!
Section 11
Common Mistakes — Gender & Type Errorsसामान्य गलतियाँ
1
Wrong gender for inanimate nouns
English speakers assign gender by intuition — which fails for objects. पानी (water) is masculine, किताब (book) is feminine. No intuitive logic — memorization is required.✗ किताब अच्छा है। ✓ किताब अच्छी है।
2
Calling गंगा a Jaativaachak
गंगा refers to ONE specific river — it is Vyaktivaachak. नदी (river in general) is Jaativaachak. This is the most common exam mistake.गंगा = Vyaktivaachak ✓ | नदी = Jaativaachak ✓
3
Treating Bhaavvaachak as Jaativaachak
खुशी, दर्द, प्यार are feelings — cannot be touched. They are Bhaavvaachak, not Jaativaachak. Test: Can you put it in a box? No → Bhaavvaachak.खुशी, प्यार, आज़ादी = Bhaavvaachak ✓ (not Jaativaachak)
4
Wrong plural forms
लड़की → लड़कियाँ (not लड़कीएँ). घर → घर unchanged in subject. Always check gender before making plural.✗ "दो लड़कीएँ" ✓ "दो लड़कियाँ"
5
Forgetting adjective-verb gender agreement
The most common spoken error. Since किताब is feminine, adjective and verb must also be feminine.✗ यह किताब बहुत अच्छा है। ✓ यह किताब बहुत अच्छी है।
✓ Correct! Sangya (संज्ञा) is the noun — naming word for any person, place, thing, feeling, or quality.
✗ Sangya is the noun — naming word for persons (राम), places (दिल्ली), things (किताब), and feelings (प्यार).
Q 2 / 10
Which type of Sangya is दिल्ली?
✓ Correct! दिल्ली is Vyaktivaachak — ONE specific unique city. Compare: शहर (city in general) = Jaativaachak.
✗ दिल्ली is Vyaktivaachak — it names ONE specific city. शहर (city in general) would be Jaativaachak.
Q 3 / 10
Which is a Bhaavvaachak (Abstract) Sangya?
✓ Correct! खुशी (happiness) is Bhaavvaachak — you cannot touch or see it. Box test: can you put happiness in a box? No → Bhaavvaachak.
✗ खुशी (happiness) is Bhaavvaachak — an abstract feeling you cannot physically touch or see.
Q 4 / 10
सेना (army) belongs to which type of Sangya?
✓ Correct! सेना (army) is Samuhvaachak — a group of soldiers treated as one single unit. परिवार, भीड़, कक्षा are also Samuhvaachak.
✗ सेना is Samuhvaachak (Collective Noun) — a group of soldiers treated as one unit.
Q 5 / 10
What is the gender (Ling) of किताब (book)?
✓ Correct! किताब is Striling (feminine). So: "यह किताब अच्छी है" — adjective must be अच्छी, not अच्छा!
✗ किताब is Striling (feminine). Correct sentence: "यह किताब अच्छी है" — adjective अच्छी agrees with the feminine gender.
Q 6 / 10
Plural (Bahu Vachan) of लड़की (girl) is:
✓ Correct! लड़की → लड़कियाँ. Feminine -ई nouns → -ियाँ. Note: लड़कियों is the oblique case used with postpositions (लड़कियों को).
✗ Plural of लड़की is लड़कियाँ. Feminine -ई nouns → -ियाँ. लड़कियों is the oblique form used with postpositions.
Q 7 / 10
सोना (gold), पानी (water), दूध (milk) — these are which type?
✓ Correct! Dravyavaachak — substances you measure/weigh but cannot count individually. You say "100g of gold" or "a glass of water" — not "one gold, two golds."
✗ These are Dravyavaachak (Material Nouns) — you measure them, not count them. "One gold, two golds" is not how it works.
Q 8 / 10
In "यह लड़की अच्छी है।" why is the adjective अच्छी and not अच्छा?
✓ Correct! लड़की is feminine (Striling), so the adjective changes to अच्छी. Gender agreement is the most fundamental rule in Hindi — adjectives always match the noun's gender!
✗ लड़की is feminine, so adjectives must be feminine too (अच्छी not अच्छा). This is Hindi's gender agreement — one of the most important rules.
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FAQ
Frequently Asked Questionsअक्सर पूछे जाने वाले प्रश्न
Sangya (संज्ञा) is the Hindi word for noun — the naming word for any person, place, thing, feeling, or quality. Every naming word is a Sangya and it is the most fundamental part of speech in Hindi grammar.संज्ञा = व्यक्ति, स्थान, वस्तु, भाव या गुण के नाम को संज्ञा कहते हैं।
In school-level Hindi grammar (NCERT/RBSE), Sangya has 5 types: Vyaktivaachak (Proper — specific names), Jaativaachak (Common — class names), Bhaavvaachak (Abstract — feelings), Dravyavaachak (Material — substances), and Samuhvaachak (Collective — groups).5 भेद: व्यक्तिवाचक • जातिवाचक • भाववाचक • द्रव्यवाचक • समूहवाचक
Vyaktivaachak names one specific, unique individual — Ram (specific person), Delhi (specific city). Jaativaachak names an entire class — ladka (boy in general), shahar (city in general). Key test: specific → Vyaktivaachak; class/type → Jaativaachak.व्यक्तिवाचक = विशेष नाम (एक) | जातिवाचक = जाति का नाम (सभी)
Every Hindi Sangya has grammatical gender — Pulling (masculine) or Striling (feminine). Even objects have fixed gender: kitaab (book) is feminine, paani (water) is masculine. This gender then affects adjectives and verbs: achha ladka (masc.) vs achhi ladki (fem.). Gender agreement is the most important and challenging aspect of Hindi for English speakers.हर संज्ञा पुल्लिंग या स्त्रीलिंग होती है — यह विशेषण और क्रिया दोनों को प्रभावित करती है।
Bhaavvaachak Sangya are often formed by adding suffixes: From adjectives — achha → achaai (goodness), sachcha → sachhai (truth). From verbs — larna → larai (fight), padhna → padhai (study). From nouns — bachcha → bachpan (childhood), jawan → jawani (youth). Key suffixes: -ai, -aai, -pan, -ta, -tva, -aahat.भाववाचक बनाना: अच्छा→अच्छाई | लड़ना→लड़ाई | बच्चा→बचपन | जवान→जवानी
✅ Conclusion — संज्ञा सारांश
संज्ञा हिंदी व्याकरण का एक महत्वपूर्ण भाग है। यह व्यक्ति, स्थान, वस्तु, भावना और समूह के नाम को व्यक्त करती है। संज्ञा के प्रकार, लिंग और वचन को समझना शुद्ध हिंदी लिखने और बोलने के लिए आवश्यक है।
Sangya (Noun) is the foundation of Hindi grammar. Mastering its 5 types, gender rules, and plural forms is essential for writing and speaking correct Hindi. Every other part of speech — adjectives, verbs, pronouns — revolves around Sangya.
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