Hindi Kriya (क्रिया) Guide: 4 Types, Tenses, Conjugation & Examples | Part 8
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LEARN HINDI GRAMMAR — PART 8 OF 13
Hindi Kriya — Complete Verb Guide
क्रिया — वाक्य को पूरा करने वाला शब्द
Master all 4 types of Hindi Verbs — Sakarmak, Akarmak, Sahayak & Sanyukt — plus 3 tenses, gender/number conjugation, Dhatu (verb roots), and 100+ examples.
📝 Editorial Note: Follows school-level Hindi grammar (NCERT/RBSE). Designed for English speakers and global learners. Linguistic nuance noted where relevant.
Kriya (क्रिया) means verb in Hindi — the word that describes an action, state, or occurrence. Every complete Hindi sentence MUST have a Kriya. Without a verb, a sentence is incomplete. The word Kriya comes from Sanskrit meaning "to do" (कृ = to do).
Example:"राम खाता है।" — Ram eats. Here खाता है is the Kriya (action: eating). The Kriya also tells us WHEN (tense), WHO did it (person), and even GENDER — making it the most information-rich word in Hindi.
क्रिया = वह शब्द जो किसी कार्य, अवस्था या घटना का बोध कराए। खाना • पीना • सोना • पढ़ना • लिखना • जाना • आना = क्रिया के उदाहरण
Section 1
What is Kriya?क्रिया क्या है?
Kriya is the most information-rich word in Hindi — it encodes tense, gender, and number simultaneously
क्रिया = वह शब्द जो किसी कार्य, अवस्था या घटना का बोध कराए। Kriya = the word that expresses an action, state, or occurrence in a sentence.
💡
Why Kriya is the Heart of Hindi — Key Difference from English
In English, verbs don't change for gender: "He eats" and "She eats" use the same verb form.
In Hindi, the VERB changes based on the subject's gender: वह खाता है। (He eats — masculine verb) vs वह खाती है। (She eats — feminine verb)
The verb literally tells you WHO is doing the action — including their gender. This is why mastering Kriya conjugation is the most important step in speaking natural Hindi.
Section 2
Dhatu — The Verb Rootधातु — क्रिया का मूल रूप
Every Hindi verb is built from a Dhatu (धातु) — the root form. To the Dhatu, suffixes are added to create different tenses, persons, and genders. The dictionary/infinitive form = Dhatu + ना.
📌
Dhatu → Infinitive → All Conjugations
खा (khaa = eat — Dhatu) → खाना (khaanaa = to eat — infinitive) → खाता/खाती/खाएगा/खाया... (all conjugations) पढ़ (padh = read — Dhatu) → पढ़ना (padhnaa = to read) → पढ़ता/पढ़ती/पढ़ेगा/पढ़ा... जा (jaa = go — Dhatu) → जाना (jaanaa = to go) → जाता/जाती/जाएगा/गया...
🌱 25 Essential Dhatu (Verb Roots)
खाkhaaeat → खाना
पीpeedrink → पीना
सोsosleep → सोना
जाjaago → जाना
आaacome → आना
पढ़padhread → पढ़ना
लिखlikhwrite → लिखना
बोलbolspeak → बोलना
सुनsunlisten → सुनना
देखdekhsee → देखना
करkardo → करना
देdegive → देना
लेletake → लेना
बैठbaithsit → बैठना
उठuthrise → उठना
चलchalwalk → चलना
दौड़dauɽrun → दौड़ना
खेलkhelplay → खेलना
हँसhanslaugh → हँसना
रोrocry → रोना
सोचsochthink → सोचना
समझsamajhunderstand → समझना
मिलmilmeet → मिलना
सीखseekhlearn → सीखना
बनbanbecome → बनना
Section 3
4 Types of Kriyaक्रिया के 4 भेद
4 types of Hindi Kriya — school-level NCERT/RBSE classification
①Type 1 — Transitive VerbSakarmak Kriyaसकर्मक क्रियाNeeds a direct OBJECT to complete its meaning. The action passes on to something. Ask "what?" after the verb — if you get an answer, it's Sakarmak.
Examples — with object
पढ़नालिखनाखानादेखनाबनानालाना
राम ने किताब पढ़ी। — Ram read a book (object) सीता ने खाना बनाया। — Sita made food (object) Test: पढ़ी → "read what?" → किताब ✓ = Sakarmak
②Type 2 — Intransitive VerbAkarmak Kriyaअकर्मक क्रियाDoes NOT need an object. The action is complete in itself. Ask "what?" after the verb — if no answer is possible, it's Akarmak.
Examples — no object needed
सोनारोनाहँसनाजानाआनाबैठना
राम सोया। — Ram slept. (complete — no object) बच्चा हँसा। — The child laughed. (complete) Test: सोया → "slept what?" → ✗ No answer = Akarmak
③Type 3 — Auxiliary VerbSahayak Kriyaसहायक क्रियाA helping verb that supports the main verb to show tense, mood, or aspect. Cannot stand alone as the main action — it assists the main Kriya.
Examples — helping verbs
हैहैंथाथीथेहोगाहो
वह पढ़ रहा है। — He is reading. (रहा = main, है = Sahayak) वह गई थी। — She had gone. (गई = main, थी = Sahayak) Sahayak shows: tense (है/था/होगा) + aspect (रहा/चुका)
④Type 4 — Compound VerbSanyukt Kriyaसंयुक्त क्रियाTwo verb forms combined — a main verb + a completing verb that adds nuance (completion, direction, force). Very common in spoken Hindi!
Examples — compound verbs
खा लेनापढ़ जानासो जानाउठ बैठना
वह खा लिया। — He ate (up/completely). (completion sense) वह चला गया। — He went away. (away direction added) The second verb (लेना, जाना, देना, आना) adds emotional/directional nuance — makes speech sound native!
Section 4
Sakarmak vs Akarmak — The Object Testसकर्मक बनाम अकर्मक — कर्म परीक्षण
⚡
The "क्या/किसे?" Test — Foolproof Method
Apply this test to ANY verb in a sentence: Step 1: Find the verb in the sentence. Step 2: Ask क्या? (what?) or किसे? (whom?) after the verb. Step 3: If you get a meaningful answer → Sakarmak (Transitive)
If no meaningful answer → Akarmak (Intransitive)
राम ने किताब पढ़ी → पढ़ी + "क्या?" → किताब ✓ → Sakarmak राम सोया → सोया + "क्या?" → ? (no answer) → Akarmak
Feature
Sakarmak (Transitive)
Akarmak (Intransitive)
Object needed?
✓ Yes — must have object
✗ No — complete without object
क्या? test
Gets an answer
No meaningful answer
Examples
पढ़ना, खाना, देखना
सोना, हँसना, रोना
In sentence
राम ने किताब पढ़ी"read the book" — object needed
राम सोया"Ram slept" — complete alone
Ne (ने) usage
Subject often uses ने in past tense
Subject does NOT use ने
⚠️
Important: ने (ne) Rule with Sakarmak Kriya
In past tense with Sakarmak Kriya, the subject takes ने postposition: राम ने किताब पढ़ी। ✓ (Sakarmak — subject has ने) राम सोया। ✓ (Akarmak — NO ने with subject)
This ने rule is one of the most common sources of errors for Hindi learners!
Section 5
3 Tenses — Kaalकाल — वर्तमान, भूत, भविष्य
①PRESENTवर्तमान कालखाता है / खाती हैMarker: है / हैं Ongoing/habitual action
Conjugation Tables — खाना (to eat)क्रिया रूप — खाना का संयुग्मन
📱 Scroll right on mobile →
Present Tense — वर्तमान काल
Person / पुरुष
Masc. Singular ♂
Fem. Singular ♀
Masc. Plural ♂
Fem. Plural ♀
मैं (I)
खाता हूँkhaataa hoon
खाती हूँkhaatee hoon
same as singular
तुम/आप (you)
खाते हो/हैंkhaate ho/hain
खाती हो/हैंkhaatee ho/hain
खाते हो/हैं
खाती हो/हैं
वह (he/she)
खाता हैkhaataa hai
खाती हैkhaatee hai
खाते हैंkhaate hain
खाती हैंkhaatee hain
Past Tense — भूत काल
Person / पुरुष
Masc. Singular ♂
Fem. Singular ♀
Masc. Plural ♂
Fem. Plural ♀
मैं (I)
खायाkhaayaa
खाईkhaai
खाएkhaae
खाईंkhaain
तुम/आप (you)
खाए/खाया
खाई
खाए
खाईं
वह (he/she)
खायाhe ate
खाईshe ate
खाएthey ate (m.)
खाईंthey ate (f.)
Future Tense — भविष्य काल
Person / पुरुष
Masc. Singular ♂
Fem. Singular ♀
Masc. Plural ♂
Fem. Plural ♀
मैं (I)
खाऊँगाkhaaunga
खाऊँगीkhaaoungi
same as singular
तुम/आप (you)
खाओगेkhaoge
खाओगीkhaogi
खाएंगे
खाएंगी
वह (he/she)
खाएगाkhaega
खाएगीkhaegi
खाएंगेkhaenge
खाएंगीkhaengi
Section 7
Gender & Number Agreementलिंग और वचन के अनुसार क्रिया परिवर्तन
Hindi verb forms change based on the subject's gender and number. This is the most critical rule for natural-sounding Hindi. Below is a comparison for the verb जाना (to go):
Tense
♂ Masculine
♀ Feminine
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Present
जाता हैhe goes
जाते हैंthey go (m.)
जाती हैshe goes
जाती हैंthey go (f.)
Past
गयाhe went
गएthey went (m.)
गईshe went
गईंthey went (f.)
Future
जाएगाhe will go
जाएंगेthey will go (m.)
जाएगीshe will go
जाएंगीthey will go (f.)
🔑
The Pattern to Memorize
Masculine pattern:-ता (pres.) | -या (past) | -एगा (future) Feminine pattern:-ती (pres.) | -ई (past) | -एगी (future) Masculine Plural:-ते (pres.) | -ए (past) | -एंगे (future)
Just 3 endings per gender cover nearly ALL of standard Hindi!
Section 8
Sahayak Kriya — Auxiliary Verbsसहायक क्रिया — है, था, होगा
Sahayak Kriya (Auxiliary Verb) is the backbone of Hindi tense formation. These helping verbs appear after the main verb to indicate tense and mood.
Tense
Singular
Plural
Usage
Present
हैhai = is
हैंhain = are
वह जाता है | वे जाते हैं
Past
था / थीthaa/thee = was
थे / थींthe/theen = were
वह जाता था | वह जाती थी
Future
होगा / होगीhoga/hogi = will be
होंगे / होंगीhonge/hongi
वह जाएगा (no Sahayak needed)
Continuous
रहा है / रही हैis going on
रहे हैं / रही हैं
वह पढ़ रहा है (he is reading)
Perfect
चुका है / चुकी हैhas completed
चुके हैं / चुकी हैं
वह खा चुका है (he has already eaten)
Section 9
100+ Verb Vocabulary — By Categoryक्रिया शब्दकोश — श्रेणी के अनुसार
Daily Actions — दैनिक क्रियाएँ
खानाkhaanaato eat
पीनाpeenaato drink
सोनाsonaato sleep
उठनाuthnaato wake/rise
नहानाnahaanaato bathe
पहननाpahannaato wear
चलनाchalnaato walk
दौड़नाdaudnaato run
बैठनाbaithnaato sit
रुकनाruknaato stop
आनाaanaato come
जानाjaanaato go
Learning & Thinking — ज्ञान और मानसिक क्रियाएँ
पढ़नाpadhnaato read/study
लिखनाlikhnaato write
सीखनाseekhnaato learn
सोचनाsochnaato think
समझनाsamajhnaato understand
याद करनाyaad karnaato remember
सुननाsunnaato listen
देखनाdekhnaato see/watch
बतानाbataanaato tell/inform
पूछनाpoochnaato ask
जाननाjaannaato know
भूलनाbhoolnaato forget
Communication — संचार क्रियाएँ
बोलनाbolnaato speak
कहनाkahnaato say
बतानाbataanaato explain
मिलनाmilnaato meet
मनानाmanaanaato convince
हँसनाhansnaato laugh
रोनाronaato cry
चिल्लानाchillaanaato shout
मुस्कुरानाmuskuraanaato smile
गानाgaanaato sing
सुनानाsunaanaato narrate
खेलनाkhelnaato play
Work & Creation — कार्य क्रियाएँ
करनाkarnaato do
बनानाbanaanaato make
देनाdenaato give
लेनाlenaato take
लानाlaanaato bring
ले जानाle jaanaato take away
खरीदनाkhareednato buy
बेचनाbecnaato sell
काम करनाkaam karnaato work
भेजनाbhejnato send
रखनाrakhnaato keep/place
मदद करनाmadad karnaato help
Section 10
Kriya in Sentences — 15 Examplesक्रिया वाक्यों में
📝
• राम खाता है। — Ram eats. (Akarmak, Present, Masc.)
• सीता खाती है। — Sita eats. (same verb, Fem. form)
• राम ने किताब पढ़ी। — Ram read the book. (Sakarmak, Past, ने with Sakarmak)
• बच्चा रोया। — The child cried. (Akarmak, Past — no ने)
• वह कल दिल्ली जाएगा। — He will go to Delhi tomorrow. (Future, Masc.)
• वह कल दिल्ली जाएगी। — She will go to Delhi tomorrow. (Future, Fem.)
• मैं किताब पढ़ रहा हूँ। — I am reading the book. (Present Continuous, Masc.)
• वह खाना खा चुकी है। — She has already eaten the food. (Perfect aspect)
• बच्चे खेल रहे हैं। — The children are playing. (Plural, Present Continuous)
• जो करेगा, वही पाएगा। — He who acts, will receive. (Future, complex)
• वह काम कर लिया। — He got the work done. (Sanyukt Kriya)
• माँ ने दूध पिलाया। — Mother fed the milk. (Preranarth — causative)
Section 11
Common Mistakes — Tense & Gender Errorsसामान्य गलतियाँ
1
Wrong verb gender — using masculine with feminine subject
The most common error. Since वह can be he OR she, beginners often forget to change the verb. The verb itself must show gender.✗ वह (सीता) गया। ✓ वह (सीता) गई।
2
Using ने with Akarmak verbs
ने is used with Sakarmak (Transitive) verbs in past tense. Never use ने with Akarmak verbs like सोना, हँसना, रोना, जाना.✗ राम ने सोया। ✓ राम सोया। | ✗ वह ने गई। ✓ वह गई।
3
Wrong tense marker
Present = है/हैं. Past = था/थी/थे. Future is built into the verb (खाएगा). Mixing tense markers creates grammatically incorrect sentences.✗ वह कल जाता है। (wrong tense for future) ✓ वह कल जाएगा।
4
Verb number mismatch
Plural subjects need plural verb forms. लड़के (boys) = plural → खाते हैं (not खाता है).✗ लड़के खाता है। ✓ लड़के खाते हैं।
5
Forgetting Sahayak Kriya in compound tenses
Present continuous MUST have both रहा/रही AND है/हैं. Dropping the Sahayak makes the sentence incomplete or changes meaning.✗ वह पढ़ रहा। (incomplete) ✓ वह पढ़ रहा है।
Section 12
Exam Tip & Revision Tableपरीक्षा टिप — त्वरित पहचान
🏆 परीक्षा टिप — Exam Tip (NCERT/RBSE)
① Sakarmak: पढ़ना, लिखना, खाना क्या? किसे? = gets answer | ने in past
② Akarmak: सोना, रोना, हँसना क्या? = no answer | NO ने in past
③ Sahayak: है, था, होगा, रहा, चुका Helps main verb show tense/aspect
④ Sanyukt: खा लेना, चला जाना Two verbs combined — adds nuance
💡 Gender rule: Masc. verb = -ता/-या/-एगा | Fem. = -ती/-ई/-एगी | ने only with Sakarmak past!
प्रकार / Type
Object?
उदाहरण वाक्य
सकर्मक Transitive
✓ Yes (ने in past)
राम ने किताब पढ़ी।
अकर्मक Intransitive
✗ No (no ने)
राम सोया।
सहायक Auxiliary
— (helps main verb)
वह पढ़ रहा है।
संयुक्त Compound
varies
वह खा लिया।
Section 13
Quick Revision Blockत्वरित पुनरावृत्ति
📊 Kriya — Complete Reference
Definition
कार्य/अवस्था = क्रिया
Word expressing action, state or occurrence
4 Types
सकर्मक•अकर्मक सहायक•संयुक्त
Trans•Intrans•Auxiliary•Compound
3 Tenses
वर्तमान•भूत भविष्य काल
है/था/होगा markers
Gender Forms
-ता/-ती (present) -या/-ई (past)
Masc./Fem. endings — verb shows gender!
ने Rule
Sakarmak + past = ने (ne) needed
Akarmak NEVER uses ने with subject
Dhatu
खा + ना = खाना जा + ना = जाना
Root + ना = Infinitive; all forms from root
Section 14
Practice Quiz — 10 Questionsअभ्यास परीक्षण
🎯 Hindi Kriya Quiz
10 questions • NCERT/RBSE level • Tap to answer
Q 1 / 10
What is Kriya in Hindi grammar?
✓ Correct! Kriya (क्रिया) is the verb — it expresses action (खाना), state (होना), or occurrence. Every complete Hindi sentence must have a Kriya.
✗ Kriya is the verb — the word expressing action, state or occurrence. It is essential — no Hindi sentence is complete without a Kriya.
Q 2 / 10
In "राम ने किताब पढ़ी।" — which type of Kriya is पढ़ी?
✓ Correct! पढ़ी is Sakarmak (Transitive) — it has an object: किताब (book). Test: पढ़ी + "क्या?" = किताब ✓. Also note: ने is used with the subject (राम ने) because it's Sakarmak past tense.
✗ पढ़ी is Sakarmak — it has object किताब. Test: "read what?" = किताब ✓. Notice ने with राम — always with Sakarmak past tense.
Q 3 / 10
In "बच्चा हँसा।" — which type of Kriya is हँसा?
✓ Correct! हँसा is Akarmak (Intransitive) — it needs no object. "Laughed what?" — no meaningful answer. Also note: no ने with the subject because it's Akarmak.
✗ हँसा is Akarmak (Intransitive) — "laughed what?" gets no answer. No object needed. Also: no ने with Akarmak subject (✗ बच्चे ने हँसा is wrong).
Q 4 / 10
What is the CORRECT past tense sentence for "She went"?
✓ Correct! गई is the feminine past form of जाना. वह (she) = feminine → गई. गया = masculine (he went). गए = masculine plural. This is the core gender-verb agreement rule!
✗ "She went" = वह गई। She = feminine → verb गई (feminine). गया = he went (masculine). The verb must match the subject's gender!
Q 5 / 10
Which sentence uses ने CORRECTLY?
✓ Correct! राम ने किताब पढ़ी — ने is correct here because पढ़ना is Sakarmak (transitive) and the sentence is in past tense. ने is ONLY used with Sakarmak verbs in past tense.
✗ Only राम ने किताब पढ़ी is correct — ने is only used with Sakarmak (transitive) past tense. सोना/हँसना/जाना are Akarmak — they never use ने with the subject.
Q 6 / 10
In "वह पढ़ रहा है।" — what type of Kriya is है?
✓ Correct! है is the Sahayak Kriya (Auxiliary Verb) here — it supports the main verb पढ़ रहा to indicate present continuous tense. Without है, the sentence would be incomplete.
✗ है is the Sahayak Kriya (Auxiliary) — it helps the main verb पढ़ रहा show present continuous tense. Sahayak cannot stand alone as the main action.
Q 7 / 10
What is the future tense form of जाना for a feminine subject?
✓ Correct! जाएगी is future feminine singular. Pattern: -एगा (masc. sing.) | -एगी (fem. sing.) | -एंगे (masc. pl.) | -एंगी (fem. pl.). जाती है is present tense, not future.
What does Dhatu (धातु) mean in Hindi verb grammar?
✓ Correct! Dhatu is the verb root. Example: खा (eat), जा (go), पढ़ (read). Adding ना gives the infinitive: खाना, जाना, पढ़ना. All conjugated forms are built from the Dhatu.
✗ Dhatu is the verb root — the base from which all forms are built. खा → खाना (infinitive) → खाता/खाई/खाएगा (conjugations). Note: धातु also means "metal" in everyday Hindi — different meaning in grammar context!
Q 9 / 10
In "वह खा लिया।" — which type of Kriya is this?
✓ Correct! खा लिया is Sanyukt Kriya (Compound Verb) — two verbs combined: खा (main) + लिया (completing verb from लेना). लेना adds a sense of completion — "ate it up/completely." Very common in spoken Hindi!
✗ खा लिया is Sanyukt Kriya (Compound Verb) — main verb खा + completing verb लिया (from लेना). The second verb adds nuance: completion, direction, or emotional tone.
Q 10 / 10
Which of these is grammatically CORRECT?
✓ Correct! लड़के (boys = masculine plural) → खाते हैं (masc. pl. present). A = wrong number (singular verb with plural subject). C = wrong gender (masculine verb with feminine subject). D = wrong — ने is for past tense, not present!
✗ लड़के खाते हैं is correct. लड़के is masculine plural → verb must be plural masculine: खाते हैं. Common errors: singular verb (खाता) or feminine verb (खाती) with masculine subject.
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FAQ
Frequently Asked Questionsअक्सर पूछे जाने वाले प्रश्न
Kriya (क्रिया) is the verb — the word expressing action, state, or occurrence. Every complete Hindi sentence must have a Kriya. Examples: खाना (to eat), जाना (to go), होना (to be). The Kriya is the most information-rich word in Hindi — it tells you tense, gender, and number simultaneously.क्रिया = कार्य, अवस्था या घटना का बोध कराने वाला शब्द। जैसे: खाना, जाना, पढ़ना, सोना।
School-level Hindi grammar (NCERT/RBSE) classifies Kriya into 4 types: Sakarmak (Transitive — needs object: पढ़ना, खाना), Akarmak (Intransitive — no object: सोना, हँसना), Sahayak (Auxiliary — helps main verb: है, था, होगा), and Sanyukt (Compound — two verbs combined: खा लेना, चला जाना).4 भेद: सकर्मक • अकर्मक • सहायक • संयुक्त क्रिया
Sakarmak (Transitive) needs a direct object. Test: ask क्या? (what?) after the verb — if you get an answer, it's Sakarmak. Example: राम ने किताब पढ़ी — पढ़ी + "क्या?" = किताब ✓. In past tense, the subject uses ने. Akarmak (Intransitive) needs no object. Test: ask क्या? — no answer. Example: राम सोया — "slept what?" = no answer ✓. Subject does NOT use ने.सकर्मक: क्या? का उत्तर मिलता है + ने प्रयुक्त | अकर्मक: क्या? का उत्तर नहीं + ने नहीं
Hindi verbs change form to match the subject's gender. Masculine verbs end in -ता (present), -या (past), -एगा (future). Feminine verbs end in -ती (present), -ई (past), -एगी (future). Example: वह गया (He went — masc.) vs वह गई (She went — fem.). This is why Hindi speakers can often tell the speaker's gender just from the verb! English speakers must learn this as one of Hindi's most fundamental features.पुल्लिंग: -ता/-या/-एगा | स्त्रीलिंग: -ती/-ई/-एगी | वह गया (♂) | वह गई (♀)
Hindi has 3 main tenses: Vartamaan Kaal (वर्तमान काल — Present: खाता है, खा रहा है), Bhoot Kaal (भूत काल — Past: खाया, खाई, खा चुका था), and Bhavishy Kaal (भविष्य काल — Future: खाएगा, खाएगी, खाएंगे). Each tense has sub-types (simple, continuous, perfect) but the 3 main categories are standard at school level.वर्तमान काल: है/हैं | भूत काल: था/थी/थे | भविष्य काल: -एगा/-एगी/-एंगे
✅ Conclusion — क्रिया सारांश
क्रिया हिंदी वाक्य की आत्मा है। यह न केवल कार्य बताती है, बल्कि काल, लिंग और वचन का भी बोध कराती है। सकर्मक-अकर्मक का भेद और लिंग के अनुसार क्रिया परिवर्तन — यही हिंदी के प्राण हैं।
Kriya is the soul of Hindi. Master verb types, gender conjugation, the ने rule, and tense formation — and your Hindi transforms from textbook to natural conversation.
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