Manufacturing Industries Class 10 Notes | RBSE Geography Chapter 6
Subject: Geography (Contemporary India - II) | Chapter: 6 - Manufacturing Industries | Board: RBSE/CBSE
📚 In This Chapter: Importance of Manufacturing, Classification of Industries, Iron and Steel, Cotton Textile, Jute, Sugar, IT Industry, Industrial Pollution and Control
Importance of Manufacturing
- Contributes about 17% to GDP
- Employs about 12% of workforce
- National Manufacturing Policy aims to increase share to 25%
- Creates employment and reduces poverty
- Reduces dependence on imports
- Earns foreign exchange through exports
Classification of Industries
Based on Raw Material
| Type | Examples |
|---|---|
| Agro-based | Cotton textile, Jute, Sugar, Vegetable oil, Tea, Coffee |
| Mineral-based | Iron & Steel, Cement, Aluminium, Machine tools |
| Marine-based | Fish oil, Sea food processing |
| Forest-based | Paper, Furniture, Lac |
Based on Ownership
| Type | Examples |
|---|---|
| Public Sector | SAIL, BHEL, ONGC, HAL |
| Private Sector | TISCO, Reliance, Bajaj Auto |
| Joint Sector | Maruti Udyog (Govt + Suzuki) |
| Cooperative Sector | Amul (GCMMF), Sugar mills in Maharashtra |
Based on Size
- Large Scale: Iron & Steel, Automobiles, Heavy machinery
- Medium Scale: —
- Small Scale: Handicrafts, Khadi, Food processing
Iron and Steel Industry
Called Basic Industry because all other industries depend on it for machinery.
Raw Materials Required
- Iron ore
- Coking coal (or charcoal)
- Limestone (as flux)
- Manganese
- Water and Power
Major Steel Plants in India
| Plant | Location | State | Sector/Feature |
|---|---|---|---|
| TISCO | Jamshedpur | Jharkhand | Private; Oldest (1907) |
| IISCO | Burnpur | West Bengal | Public |
| Bhilai Steel Plant | Bhilai | Chhattisgarh | Soviet collaboration; largest SAIL plant |
| Rourkela Steel Plant | Rourkela | Odisha | German collaboration |
| Durgapur Steel Plant | Durgapur | West Bengal | British collaboration |
| Bokaro Steel Plant | Bokaro | Jharkhand | Soviet collaboration |
| Visakhapatnam Steel Plant | Visakhapatnam | Andhra Pradesh | Public; shore-based |
| Salem Steel Plant | Salem | Tamil Nadu | Stainless steel |
Memory Trick: "TI BRD BV" = TISCO, IISCO, Bhilai, Rourkela, Durgapur, Bokaro, Visakhapatnam
Chhotanagpur Plateau is the major iron and steel region because of availability of raw materials (iron ore, coal, manganese).
Cotton Textile Industry
Oldest modern industry in India.
| First Mill | 1854, Mumbai |
| Employment | Largest employer after agriculture |
| Raw Material | Cotton (mainly from Maharashtra, Gujarat) |
Major Centers
| State | Major Centers | Special Name |
|---|---|---|
| Maharashtra | Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur, Solapur | — |
| Gujarat | Ahmedabad, Surat, Vadodara | Ahmedabad = "Manchester of India" |
| Tamil Nadu | Coimbatore, Madurai, Chennai | Coimbatore = "Manchester of South India" |
| Others | Kanpur (UP), Ludhiana (Punjab) | Kanpur = "Manchester of North India" |
Location Factors
- Availability of raw cotton
- Market proximity
- Humid climate (prevents thread breakage)
- Cheap labour
- Port facilities for export
Jute Industry
| First Mill | 1859, Rishra (near Kolkata) |
| Major Region | Hooghly river basin (West Bengal) - 80% of production |
| India's Rank | Largest producer of raw jute and jute goods |
| Products | Bags, ropes, carpets, mats, packaging material |
Challenges
- Competition from synthetic bags (polythene, plastic)
- Competition from Bangladesh
- Low productivity and outdated machinery
Government Support
- Mandatory use of jute packaging for food grains
- National Jute Policy for modernization
Sugar Industry
| India's Rank | 2nd largest producer (after Brazil) |
| Raw Material | Sugarcane (bulky, perishable) |
| Major Producers | UP (largest), Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, AP |
Shifting to South India
The sugar industry is gradually shifting from North to South India because:
- Higher sucrose content in peninsular sugarcane
- Longer crushing season (7-8 months vs 4 months in north)
- Better climate conditions
- Cooperative movement (Maharashtra)
IT and Electronics Industry
India has emerged as a global IT hub.
Major IT Centers
| City | State | Special Name |
|---|---|---|
| Bengaluru | Karnataka | "Silicon Valley of India" - Largest IT hub |
| Hyderabad | Telangana | "Cyberabad" |
| Pune | Maharashtra | Major IT center |
| Chennai | Tamil Nadu | Hardware manufacturing hub |
| Gurgaon, Noida | Haryana, UP | NCR IT corridor |
Contribution of IT Industry
- Major foreign exchange earner
- Employment to millions of educated youth
- BPO and KPO services
- Software exports to USA, Europe, Japan
Industrial Pollution and Control
Types of Pollution from Industries
| Type | Sources | Effects |
|---|---|---|
| Air Pollution | Smoke, fumes, dust from factories | Respiratory diseases, acid rain |
| Water Pollution | Industrial effluents in rivers | Aquatic life death, diseases |
| Land Pollution | Solid waste, dumping | Soil degradation |
| Noise Pollution | Factory machinery, generators | Hearing impairment, stress |
| Thermal Pollution | Hot water from power plants | Affects aquatic ecosystems |
Control Measures
- Treating industrial effluents before discharge
- Using electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers for air pollution
- Noise absorbing materials in factories
- Rainwater harvesting in industrial areas
- Relocating polluting industries away from cities
- Strict enforcement of pollution control laws
MCQs for Practice
1. Iron and Steel industry is called:
a) Consumer industry b) Basic industry c) Light industry d) Cottage industry
Answer: b) Basic industry
2. First cotton textile mill was established in India at:
a) Ahmedabad b) Mumbai c) Kanpur d) Chennai
Answer: b) Mumbai (1854)
3. Which city is called "Silicon Valley of India"?
a) Hyderabad b) Chennai c) Bengaluru d) Pune
Answer: c) Bengaluru
4. TISCO steel plant is located at:
a) Bhilai b) Rourkela c) Jamshedpur d) Durgapur
Answer: c) Jamshedpur
5. Which state is the largest producer of sugar?
a) Maharashtra b) UP c) Karnataka d) Tamil Nadu
Answer: b) UP (Uttar Pradesh)
6. Ahmedabad is called:
a) Steel City b) Silicon Valley c) Manchester of India d) Garden City
Answer: c) Manchester of India
7. Jute industry is concentrated in:
a) Ganga valley b) Hooghly basin c) Kaveri delta d) Krishna basin
Answer: b) Hooghly basin (West Bengal)
8. Which steel plant was set up with Soviet collaboration?
a) Rourkela b) Durgapur c) Bhilai d) TISCO
Answer: c) Bhilai
9. Which is the oldest steel plant in India?
a) Bhilai b) IISCO c) TISCO d) Bokaro
Answer: c) TISCO (1907)
10. Manufacturing contributes what percentage to India's GDP?
a) 10% b) 17% c) 25% d) 30%
Answer: b) 17%
Important Questions
Short Answer (2-3 Marks)
- Why is iron and steel called a basic industry?
- Why is cotton textile industry concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat?
- What are the challenges faced by jute industry?
- Why is sugar industry shifting to South India?
- What are the measures to control industrial pollution?
Long Answer (5 Marks)
- Describe the distribution of iron and steel industry in India.
- Explain the factors affecting the location of cotton textile industry.
- Describe the IT industry in India and its contribution to the economy.
- What is industrial pollution? Explain its types and control measures.
Quick Revision
- Manufacturing: 17% of GDP, 12% employment
- TISCO: Oldest steel plant (1907), Jamshedpur
- Bhilai: Largest SAIL plant, Soviet collaboration
- Steel Plants: TI BRD BV
- First Cotton Mill: 1854, Mumbai
- Ahmedabad: Manchester of India
- Bengaluru: Silicon Valley of India
- Jute: Hooghly basin, West Bengal (80%)
- Sugar: UP largest producer; shifting to South
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📚 RBSE Class 10 Geography – सभी अध्यायों के Notes (Hindi)
नीचे दिए गए लिंक से आप RBSE Class 10 Geography के सभी अध्यायों के नोट्स और मैप वर्क आसानी से पढ़ सकते हैं —
- 📘 RBSE Class 10 Geography Notes (Complete Book)
- 🌍 Chapter 1 – Resources & Development | संसाधन एवं विकास
- 🌲 Chapter 2 – Forest & Wildlife Resources | वन एवं वन्यजीव संसाधन
- 💧 Chapter 3 – Water Resources | जल संसाधन
- 🚜 Chapter 4 – Agriculture | कृषि
- ⛏ Chapter 5 – Minerals & Energy Resources | खनिज एवं ऊर्जा संसाधन
- 🏭 Chapter 6 – Manufacturing Industries | विनिर्माण उद्योग
- 🚆 Chapter 7 – Lifelines of National Economy | राष्ट्रीय अर्थव्यवस्था की जीवन रेखाएँ
🔹 यह बॉक्स विद्यार्थियों के लिए सभी अध्यायों तक पहुँच आसान बनाता है तथा SEO Interlinking में भी सहायक है।
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