Resources and Development Class 10 Notes | RBSE Geography Chapter 1
Subject: Geography (Contemporary India - II) | Chapter: 1 - Resources and Development | Board: RBSE/CBSE
📚 In This Chapter: Types of Resources, Resource Planning, Land Resources, Land Use Pattern in India, Soil Types, Soil Erosion, Soil Conservation Methods
📥 Download Complete PDF: Click Here for Free PDF Notes
Table of Contents
- Introduction
- What is a Resource?
- Classification of Resources
- Resource Planning in India
- Land Resources
- Land Use Pattern in India
- Land Degradation and Conservation
- Soil Types in India
- Soil Erosion
- Soil Conservation
- MCQs for Practice
- Important Questions
Introduction
Resources are the foundation of human survival and development. Everything available in our environment that can satisfy our needs is a resource. This chapter explores how resources are classified, the importance of resource planning, and specifically focuses on land and soil resources in India.
Key Learning Outcomes:
- Understand what resources are and how they are classified
- Learn about resource planning and sustainable development
- Know the land use pattern in India
- Identify different types of soil in India
- Understand soil erosion and conservation methods
What is a Resource?
Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided it is:
- Technologically accessible
- Economically feasible
- Culturally acceptable
...is called a Resource.
🔑 Key Point: Resources are a function of human activities. Human beings themselves are essential components of resources - they transform materials into resources using technology and institutions.
Human-Resource Relationship
Human beings interact with nature through technology and create institutions to accelerate economic development. Resources are not fixed or static - they evolve with time, technology, and human needs.
Example: Crude oil was not a resource until humans developed technology to extract and refine it. Similarly, uranium became a resource only after nuclear technology was developed.
Classification of Resources
Resources can be classified in different ways:
1. On the Basis of Origin
| Type | Description | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Biotic Resources | Obtained from the biosphere (living things) | Human beings, Flora (plants), Fauna (animals), Fisheries, Livestock |
| Abiotic Resources | Composed of non-living things | Rocks, Metals, Minerals, Land, Water, Air |
2. On the Basis of Exhaustibility
| Type | Description | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Renewable Resources | Can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes | Solar energy, Wind energy, Water, Forests, Wildlife |
| Non-Renewable Resources | Takes millions of years to form; limited stock | Minerals, Fossil fuels (Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas) |
⚠️ Important: Renewable resources can also become non-renewable if used carelessly. For example, groundwater can be exhausted if extracted faster than natural recharge.
3. On the Basis of Ownership
| Type | Description | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Individual Resources | Owned privately by individuals | Plots, Houses, Plantations, Pasture lands, Ponds, Wells |
| Community Owned Resources | Accessible to all members of the community | Grazing grounds, Burial grounds, Village ponds, Public parks, Playgrounds |
| National Resources | All resources within political boundaries; government has legal powers | Roads, Canals, Railways, Minerals, Water resources, Forests, Wildlife, Land within political boundary, Oceanic area up to 12 nautical miles (Territorial waters) |
| International Resources | Resources regulated by international institutions beyond 200 km of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) | Open ocean and its resources; no country can use without international consent |
4. On the Basis of Status of Development
| Type | Description | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Potential Resources | Found in a region but not yet utilized | Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for wind and solar energy but not fully developed |
| Developed Resources | Surveyed, quality and quantity determined, currently being used | Iron ore mines in Odisha, Coal mines in Jharkhand |
| Stock | Materials present in environment but cannot be used due to lack of appropriate technology | Hydrogen from water (technology exists but not economically viable at large scale) |
| Reserves | Subset of stock; can be used with existing technology but not yet started | Water in dams for electricity generation, Forest reserves |
Memory Trick: PDSR = Potential (not used), Developed (being used), Stock (can't use - no tech), Reserves (can use but not started)
Resource Planning in India
Resource planning is essential for sustainable existence. It is a technique or skill for proper utilization of resources.
Need for Resource Planning
India has diverse resources but their distribution is unequal:
- Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, MP: Rich in minerals and coal
- Arunachal Pradesh: Abundant water resources but lacks infrastructure
- Rajasthan: Rich in solar and wind energy potential but scarce water
- Ladakh: Rich in cultural heritage but lacks infrastructure and resources
This unequal distribution makes resource planning crucial for balanced development.
Three Stages of Resource Planning
| Stage | Description |
|---|---|
| Stage 1 | Identification and inventory of resources across different regions (surveying, mapping, qualitative and quantitative estimation) |
| Stage 2 | Evolving a planning structure with appropriate technology, skill, and institutional setup |
| Stage 3 | Matching resource development plans with overall national development plans |
Resource Conservation
Mahatma Gandhi said: "There is enough for everybody's need but not for anybody's greed."
He emphasized that resources should not be over-exploited and that a balance should be maintained between human needs and nature.
Sustainable Development
Definition: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
First International Earth Summit (1992): Held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - published Agenda 21 for sustainable development.
Agenda 21: A declaration signed by world leaders for achieving sustainable development in the 21st century. It aims at:
- Combating environmental damage
- Reducing poverty
- Protecting the environment
- Ensuring equitable development
Land Resources
Land is a natural resource of utmost importance. It supports natural vegetation, wildlife, human life, economic activities, transport, and communication systems.
India's Land Area
- Total Geographical Area: 3.28 million sq. km
- Land use data available for: 93% of total area (remaining 7% is under Assam, parts of J&K where data is not available)
Factors Determining Land Use
Physical Factors:
- Topography (mountains, plains, plateaus)
- Climate (rainfall, temperature)
- Soil types
Human Factors:
- Population density
- Technological capability
- Culture and traditions
Land Use Pattern in India
Land resources are used for various purposes. The main categories are:
| Land Use Category | Percentage | Details |
|---|---|---|
| Net Sown Area | 43% | Area sown at least once in a year |
| Forests | 23% | As per National Forest Policy, should be 33% |
| Land Not Available for Cultivation | 14% | Barren land, land under buildings, roads, etc. |
| Other Uncultivated Land | 9% | Permanent pastures, miscellaneous tree crops |
| Fallow Land | 8% | Land left uncultivated for 1-5 years |
| Pastures and Grazing Land | 3% | For livestock |
Memory Trick: "43-23-14-9-8-3" = Net Sown (43), Forest (23), Not Available (14), Other Uncultivated (9), Fallow (8), Pastures (3)
Key Observations
- Forest area is less than the desired 33% as per National Forest Policy
- Net Sown Area varies greatly: Punjab (over 80%) vs Arunachal Pradesh (less than 10%)
- Waste land: Land under rocks, glaciers, deserts, etc.
- Land put to non-agricultural uses: Increasing due to urbanization
Gross Cropped Area vs Net Sown Area
- Net Sown Area: Area sown at least once in a year
- Gross Cropped Area: Total area sown including area sown more than once
- Difference shows intensity of land use
Land Degradation and Conservation
Causes of Land Degradation
| Cause | Affected Areas | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| Mining | Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, MP, Odisha | Deep excavation, overburden dumping, deforestation |
| Over-irrigation | Punjab, Haryana, Western UP | Waterlogging, salinity |
| Overgrazing | Gujarat, Rajasthan, MP, Maharashtra | Soil erosion, desertification |
| Deforestation | Throughout India | Loss of topsoil, floods, landslides |
| Industrial Effluents | Industrial areas | Soil and water pollution |
Land Conservation Measures
- Afforestation: Planting trees to prevent soil erosion
- Proper management of grazing: Controlled grazing to allow land recovery
- Shelter belts: Trees planted in rows to break wind force
- Stabilization of sand dunes: Planting thorny bushes
- Control of mining activities: Proper rehabilitation after mining
- Proper discharge of industrial effluents: Treatment before release
Soil Types in India
Soil is the most important renewable natural resource. It is the medium for plant growth and supports different types of living organisms.
Factors of Soil Formation
- Relief (topography)
- Parent rock (determines mineral content)
- Climate (temperature and rainfall)
- Vegetation (organic matter)
- Time (soil takes millions of years to form)
🔑 Key Fact: It takes millions of years to form just a few centimeters of soil, but it can be destroyed in a few years through careless activities.
Major Soil Types in India
1. Alluvial Soil
| Distribution | Northern Plains (from Punjab to Assam), Coastal plains, River valleys |
| Formation | Deposited by rivers - Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra |
| Characteristics | Very fertile, rich in potash, phosphoric acid, lime; deficient in nitrogen and humus |
| Types | Bangar (old alluvium, higher areas, more calcium) and Khadar (new alluvium, flood plains, more fertile, renewed every year) |
| Crops | Sugarcane, Paddy, Wheat, Pulses, Oilseeds |
| Coverage | Most widespread soil type in India |
Memory Trick: Khadar = K = New (नया) | Bangar = B = Old (पुराना)
2. Black Soil (Regur Soil)
| Distribution | Deccan Plateau - Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, MP, Chhattisgarh (Deccan Trap region) |
| Formation | Formed from volcanic basalt rock (lava) |
| Characteristics | Black color due to titaniferous magnetite; rich in calcium, magnesium, potash; poor in phosphorus and nitrogen |
| Special Quality | Self-ploughing: Develops cracks when dry, becomes sticky when wet, can hold moisture for long |
| Crops | Cotton (hence called Black Cotton Soil), Sugarcane, Wheat, Jowar, Linseed |
3. Red and Yellow Soil
| Distribution | Eastern and Southern parts of Deccan Plateau, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Southern Ganga Plain |
| Formation | Formed from crystalline igneous rocks (granite, gneiss) |
| Color | Red due to diffusion of iron in crystalline form; Yellow when hydrated form of iron |
| Characteristics | Deficient in nitrogen, phosphorus, and humus |
| Crops | Wheat, Rice, Cotton, Sugarcane, Pulses (with proper fertilization) |
4. Laterite Soil
| Distribution | Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, MP, Hills of Odisha, Assam |
| Formation | Formed in tropical and subtropical regions with heavy rainfall and high temperature (intense leaching) |
| Name Origin | 'Later' means brick in Latin (used for making bricks) |
| Characteristics | Rich in iron oxide and aluminium; poor in nitrogen, potash, potassium, lime, humus |
| Crops | Tea, Coffee, Rubber, Coconut, Cashewnut (after heavy manuring) |
5. Arid Soil (Desert Soil)
| Distribution | Western Rajasthan, Parts of Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab |
| Characteristics | Sandy texture, saline; high salt content; lacks humus and moisture; rich in phosphate, deficient in nitrogen |
| Color | Red to brown |
| Special Quality | Lower horizon has calcium content (Kankar) which restricts infiltration of water; when irrigated, becomes productive |
| Crops | Drought-resistant crops (with irrigation: wheat, cotton) |
6. Forest Soil (Mountain Soil)
| Distribution | Hilly and mountainous areas - Himalayas, Western and Eastern Ghats |
| Characteristics | Varies with altitude; rich in humus but deficient in potash, phosphorus, lime; acidic with low humus in snow-covered areas |
| Types | Varies from loamy in valleys to coarse-grained in upper slopes |
| Crops | Tea, Coffee, Spices, Tropical fruits (in lower regions) |
Memory Trick - 6 Soil Types: "ABRALF"
- A = Alluvial (Most widespread, Northern Plains)
- B = Black (Regur, Deccan - Cotton)
- R = Red and Yellow (Iron content)
- A = Arid (Desert, Rajasthan)
- L = Laterite (Brick, Heavy rainfall areas)
- F = Forest (Mountain, Hilly areas)
Soil Erosion
Definition: The removal of topsoil by natural forces (wind, water, glacier) or human activities faster than the natural process of soil formation.
Types of Soil Erosion
| Type | Description | Result |
|---|---|---|
| Sheet Erosion | Water flows over large areas down a slope, removing the top layer of soil uniformly | Loss of fertile topsoil over large areas |
| Gully Erosion | Running water cuts through clay soil, making deep channels called gullies | Land becomes unfit for cultivation; forms badlands or ravines (e.g., Chambal basin) |
| Wind Erosion | Wind blows away loose, dry soil particles | Desertification (common in arid and semi-arid regions) |
Causes of Soil Erosion
Natural Causes:
- Heavy rainfall and floods
- Strong winds
- Glacier movement
Human Causes:
- Deforestation: Removal of protective vegetation cover
- Overgrazing: Animals eating plants faster than regrowth
- Mining: Exposing soil to erosion
- Construction: Roads, buildings remove vegetation
- Faulty farming: Ploughing up and down slopes
- Shifting cultivation: Clearing forests temporarily
⚠️ Badlands (Ravines): Areas where gully erosion has made the land completely unfit for cultivation. Found extensively in the Chambal basin (MP, Rajasthan, UP).
Soil Conservation
Definition: Methods used to prevent soil erosion and maintain soil fertility.
Methods of Soil Conservation
| Method | Description | Where Used |
|---|---|---|
| Contour Ploughing | Ploughing along contour lines (parallel to slopes) to slow down water flow | Hilly areas |
| Terrace Farming | Cutting steps on slopes to reduce the flow of water | Western and Central Himalayas |
| Strip Cropping | Growing grass between strips of crops to break the force of wind | Plains areas |
| Shelter Belts | Planting rows of trees to break wind force | Western India (desert areas) |
| Afforestation | Planting trees on large scale | Throughout India |
| Mulching | Covering soil with organic matter to prevent evaporation | Agricultural fields |
| Building Check Dams | Small dams to slow water flow and prevent gully formation | Hilly and ravine areas |
Memory Trick: "CT SSA MB" = Contour ploughing, Terrace farming, Strip cropping, Shelter belts, Afforestation, Mulching, Building check dams
MCQs for Practice
1. Which of the following is a non-renewable resource?
a) Solar energy b) Wind energy c) Coal d) Water
Answer: c) Coal
2. Black soil is also known as:
a) Bangar b) Khadar c) Regur d) Laterite
Answer: c) Regur
3. Which soil is ideal for cotton cultivation?
a) Alluvial b) Black c) Red d) Laterite
Answer: b) Black
4. What percentage of India's land is under forests?
a) 33% b) 43% c) 23% d) 14%
Answer: c) 23%
5. Laterite soil develops in areas with:
a) Low rainfall b) High rainfall and high temperature c) Cold climate d) Dry climate
Answer: b) High rainfall and high temperature
6. 'Khadar' is:
a) Old alluvium b) New alluvium c) Black soil d) Laterite soil
Answer: b) New alluvium
7. Which state has maximum net sown area?
a) Rajasthan b) Punjab c) Madhya Pradesh d) Bihar
Answer: b) Punjab
8. The Rio Summit was held in:
a) 1990 b) 1991 c) 1992 d) 1993
Answer: c) 1992
9. Ravines or badlands are formed due to:
a) Sheet erosion b) Gully erosion c) Wind erosion d) Glacier erosion
Answer: b) Gully erosion
10. Contour ploughing is done:
a) Along the slope b) Across the slope c) In straight lines d) In circles
Answer: b) Across the slope (along contour lines)
Important Questions for Board Exam
1 Mark Questions
- What is a resource?
- Give two examples of biotic resources.
- What is the other name for black soil?
- What percentage of India's land is under forests?
- Define sustainable development.
Short Answer Questions (2-3 Marks)
- Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable resources with examples.
- What is the difference between Khadar and Bangar?
- Why is black soil suitable for cotton cultivation?
- What are the causes of land degradation in India?
- Explain any three methods of soil conservation.
Long Answer Questions (5 Marks)
- Classify resources on the basis of ownership with examples.
- Describe the different types of soil found in India.
- What is resource planning? Explain the three stages of resource planning in India.
- Describe the land use pattern in India. Why is proper land utilization important?
- What is soil erosion? Explain the types and methods of soil conservation.
Quick Revision Points
- Resource = Anything that satisfies human needs (technologically accessible, economically feasible, culturally acceptable)
- Land Use: 43% Net Sown, 23% Forest, 14% Not Available
- 6 Soil Types: ABRALF (Alluvial, Black, Red, Arid, Laterite, Forest)
- Alluvial: Most widespread, Northern Plains, Bangar (old) & Khadar (new)
- Black Soil: Regur, Cotton soil, Deccan region, from basalt rock
- Laterite: Brick in Latin, heavy rainfall areas, needs manuring
- Rio Summit: 1992, Agenda 21 for sustainable development
- Soil Erosion Types: Sheet erosion, Gully erosion (badlands), Wind erosion
- Conservation: Contour ploughing, Terrace farming, Strip cropping, Shelter belts
📚 More Geography Chapters:
Chapter 2: Forest and Wildlife Resources | Chapter 3: Water Resources | Chapter 4: Agriculture
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📚 RBSE Class 10 Geography – सभी अध्यायों के Notes (Hindi)
नीचे दिए गए लिंक से आप RBSE Class 10 Geography के सभी अध्यायों के नोट्स और मैप वर्क आसानी से पढ़ सकते हैं —
- 📘 RBSE Class 10 Geography Notes (Complete Book)
- 🌍 Chapter 1 – Resources & Development | संसाधन एवं विकास
- 🌲 Chapter 2 – Forest & Wildlife Resources | वन एवं वन्यजीव संसाधन
- 💧 Chapter 3 – Water Resources | जल संसाधन
- 🚜 Chapter 4 – Agriculture | कृषि
- ⛏ Chapter 5 – Minerals & Energy Resources | खनिज एवं ऊर्जा संसाधन
- 🏭 Chapter 6 – Manufacturing Industries | विनिर्माण उद्योग
- 🚆 Chapter 7 – Lifelines of National Economy | राष्ट्रीय अर्थव्यवस्था की जीवन रेखाएँ
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