Minerals and Energy Resources Class 10 Notes | RBSE Geography Chapter 5
Subject: Geography (Contemporary India - II) | Chapter: 5 - Minerals and Energy Resources | Board: RBSE/CBSE
📚 In This Chapter: Types of Minerals, Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Minerals, Iron Ore, Manganese, Bauxite, Mica, Copper, Conventional Energy (Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas), Non-Conventional Energy (Solar, Wind, Nuclear, Biogas)
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Table of Contents
- Introduction to Minerals
- Classification of Minerals
- Ferrous Minerals
- Non-Ferrous Minerals
- Non-Metallic Minerals
- Conventional Energy Resources
- Non-Conventional Energy Resources
- Conservation of Energy
- MCQs for Practice
- Important Questions
Introduction to Minerals
Mineral: A naturally occurring substance that has a definite chemical composition and physical properties. Minerals are formed by geological processes.
Characteristics of Minerals:
- Naturally occurring inorganic substances
- Have definite chemical composition
- Have definite internal structure
- Non-renewable resources
- Unevenly distributed on Earth
Occurrence of Minerals
| Type of Occurrence | Description | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Veins and Lodes | Minerals occur in cracks and fissures of igneous and metamorphic rocks | Tin, Copper, Zinc, Lead |
| Beds or Layers | Formed as result of deposition, accumulation in horizontal layers | Coal, Potash, Phosphate, Gypsum |
| Placer Deposits | Weathered minerals deposited in river valleys, sand | Gold, Silver, Tin, Platinum |
| Residual Mass | Formed when rocks decompose leaving mineral residue | Bauxite (Aluminium ore) |
Classification of Minerals
| Type | Sub-types | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Metallic Minerals | Ferrous (contain iron) | Iron ore, Manganese, Chromite, Nickel, Cobalt, Tungsten |
| Non-Ferrous (no iron) | Copper, Bauxite (Aluminium), Lead, Zinc, Gold, Silver | |
| Non-Metallic Minerals | — | Limestone, Ite, Gypsum, Salt, Sulphur, Phosphate |
| Energy Minerals | — | Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas, Uranium, Thorium |
Ferrous Minerals
1. Iron Ore
Iron ore is the most important industrial mineral and backbone of modern civilization.
| Types of Iron Ore | Magnetite (70% iron, best quality) and Hematite (50-60% iron, most widely used) |
| India's Reserve | India has large reserves of iron ore |
| Major Producers | Odisha (largest), Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Goa, Maharashtra |
Iron Ore Belts in India
| Belt | States | Major Mines |
|---|---|---|
| Odisha-Jharkhand Belt | Odisha, Jharkhand | Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar, Badampahar, Noamundi, Gua |
| Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur Belt | Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra | Dalli-Rajhara (Durg), Bailadila (Bastar) |
| Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikmagalur-Tumakuru Belt | Karnataka | Kudremukh, Bellary, Hospet |
| Maharashtra-Goa Belt | Maharashtra, Goa | Ratnagiri, exports through Marmagao port |
2. Manganese
| Uses | Steel making (hardens steel), Dry cell batteries, Bleaching powder, Insecticides, Paints |
| Major Producers | Odisha (largest), Karnataka, MP, Maharashtra, Goa |
| India's Rank | Among top producers globally |
Non-Ferrous Minerals
1. Bauxite (Aluminium Ore)
| Properties | Light, corrosion-resistant, good conductor of heat and electricity |
| Uses | Aircraft, Electrical goods, Utensils, Automobiles, Buildings |
| Major Producers | Odisha (largest), Gujarat, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, MP |
| Major Deposits | Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills, Bilaspur-Katni plateau, Kolhapur (Maharashtra) |
2. Copper
| Properties | Malleable, ductile, good conductor of heat and electricity |
| Uses | Electrical cables, Electronics, Chemical industries, Coins |
| Major Producers | MP (Balaghat), Rajasthan (Khetri), Jharkhand (Singhbhum) |
| India's Position | Reserves are limited; India imports copper |
Memory Trick for Odisha Minerals: "OCMB" = Odisha is largest producer of Iron Ore, Chromite, Manganese, Bauxite
Non-Metallic Minerals
1. Mica
| Properties | Excellent insulator, does not conduct electricity, transparent, flexible |
| Uses | Electrical and electronic industries (capacitors, insulators), Aircraft, Medicines |
| Major Producers | Jharkhand, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan |
| Famous Area | Koderma-Gaya-Hazaribagh belt (Jharkhand-Bihar) - known as Mica Belt |
2. Limestone
| Uses | Cement industry (major use), Iron and Steel (as flux), Chemical industries |
| Major Producers | Rajasthan, MP, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Karnataka, AP |
Conventional Energy Resources
1. Coal
Coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India.
Types of Coal
| Type | Carbon Content | Quality | Found In |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anthracite | 80-95% | Best quality, hard, used in limited quantities | J&K (very limited) |
| Bituminous | 60-80% | Most common, used in metallurgy and power | Jharkhand, WB, Odisha, Chhattisgarh |
| Lignite | 40-55% | Brown coal, low grade, high moisture | Tamil Nadu (Neyveli), Rajasthan, Gujarat |
| Peat | Less than 40% | Lowest grade, first stage of coal formation | Limited |
Major Coalfields in India
| Coalfield | State | Special Feature |
|---|---|---|
| Jharia | Jharkhand | Largest coalfield, best quality coking coal |
| Raniganj | West Bengal | Oldest coalfield in India |
| Bokaro | Jharkhand | Major coalfield |
| Singrauli | MP | Important for thermal power |
| Korba | Chhattisgarh | Major coalfield |
| Talcher | Odisha | Major coalfield |
| Neyveli | Tamil Nadu | Largest lignite deposits |
India's Rank: 4th largest coal reserves in the world
2. Petroleum (Mineral Oil)
| Importance | Called "Black Gold"; provides fuel for heat, lighting, transport; raw material for petrochemicals |
| Formation | Formed from organic matter (marine organisms) under high pressure over millions of years |
Major Oil Fields
| Region | Oil Fields | Features |
|---|---|---|
| Mumbai High | Mumbai High, Bassein | Largest producing field (offshore), 63% of India's production |
| Gujarat | Ankleshwar, Kalol, Mehsana, Lunej | Onshore fields |
| Assam | Digboi, Naharkatiya, Moran | Digboi - oldest oil field in India (1866) |
| Eastern Offshore | Krishna-Godavari Basin | New discoveries |
Major Refineries
- Jamnagar (Gujarat): Largest refinery (Reliance)
- Mumbai: HPCL, BPCL refineries
- Mathura, Panipat, Barauni: IOC refineries
- Digboi: Oldest refinery in Asia
3. Natural Gas
| Uses | Fuel (CNG for vehicles), Fertilizer industry (feedstock), Power generation, Petrochemicals |
| Major Sources | Mumbai High, Krishna-Godavari Basin, Gulf of Cambay, Assam |
| Pipeline | HBJ Pipeline (Hazira-Bijapur-Jagdishpur) - 1700 km long |
Non-Conventional Energy Resources
These are renewable, environment-friendly sources of energy.
| Source | Description | Major Locations |
|---|---|---|
| Solar Energy | Sun's rays converted to electricity using photovoltaic cells; India has 300 sunny days | Rajasthan, Gujarat have highest potential; Bhadla Solar Park (Rajasthan) - largest |
| Wind Energy | Wind farms generate electricity; India 4th largest wind energy producer | Tamil Nadu (largest), Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Rajasthan |
| Biogas | From organic waste (cow dung); called Gobar Gas in rural India | Throughout rural India; supports cooking and lighting |
| Tidal Energy | From ocean tides; high capital cost | Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of Cambay, Sundarbans (potential sites) |
| Geothermal Energy | Heat from Earth's interior; hot springs | Puga Valley (Ladakh), Parvati Valley (HP), Manikaran |
Nuclear Energy
Generated by splitting uranium or thorium atoms (nuclear fission).
Nuclear Power Plants in India
| Plant | State | Special Feature |
|---|---|---|
| Tarapur | Maharashtra | First nuclear plant (1969) |
| Rawatbhata (RAPP) | Rajasthan | Near Kota |
| Kalpakkam (MAPS) | Tamil Nadu | First indigenously built |
| Narora | UP | — |
| Kakrapar (KAPP) | Gujarat | — |
| Kaiga | Karnataka | — |
| Kudankulam | Tamil Nadu | Largest, with Russian collaboration |
Memory Trick for Nuclear Plants: "TRK NKK" = Tarapur, Rawatbhata, Kalpakkam, Narora, Kakrapar, Kaiga
Nuclear Minerals in India
- Uranium: Jharkhand (Jaduguda - major mine), Rajasthan, AP
- Thorium: Kerala coast (Monazite sands) - India has largest thorium reserves
Conservation of Minerals and Energy
Why Conservation is Needed:
- Minerals are non-renewable; take millions of years to form
- Current rate of extraction is unsustainable
- Future generations need resources too
Methods of Conservation:
- Use minerals efficiently; reduce wastage
- Recycle metals (scrap metal industry)
- Use substitutes wherever possible
- Promote renewable energy sources
- Use public transport; fuel-efficient vehicles
- Switch off electrical appliances when not in use
- Use LED bulbs and energy-efficient appliances
MCQs for Practice
1. Which is the largest producer of iron ore in India?
a) Jharkhand b) Karnataka c) Odisha d) Chhattisgarh
Answer: c) Odisha
2. Which type of coal has highest carbon content?
a) Lignite b) Bituminous c) Anthracite d) Peat
Answer: c) Anthracite
3. Mumbai High is famous for:
a) Iron ore b) Coal c) Petroleum d) Uranium
Answer: c) Petroleum
4. Which is the oldest oil field in India?
a) Mumbai High b) Ankleshwar c) Digboi d) Kalol
Answer: c) Digboi (Assam)
5. Jharia coalfield is famous for:
a) Lignite b) Coking coal c) Anthracite d) Peat
Answer: b) Coking coal (best quality)
6. Mica is used in:
a) Iron industry b) Electrical industry c) Cement industry d) Textile industry
Answer: b) Electrical industry (as insulator)
7. Which state is the largest producer of wind energy?
a) Gujarat b) Maharashtra c) Tamil Nadu d) Rajasthan
Answer: c) Tamil Nadu
8. Khetri mines are famous for:
a) Iron ore b) Copper c) Gold d) Coal
Answer: b) Copper (Rajasthan)
9. First nuclear power plant in India was set up at:
a) Kalpakkam b) Narora c) Tarapur d) Rawatbhata
Answer: c) Tarapur (1969)
10. Neyveli is famous for:
a) Iron ore b) Lignite c) Petroleum d) Copper
Answer: b) Lignite (Tamil Nadu)
Important Questions for Board Exam
1 Mark Questions
- Name the largest producer of iron ore in India.
- Which is the oldest coalfield in India?
- What is the full form of HBJ pipeline?
- Name the first nuclear power plant in India.
- Which mineral is used as an insulator in electrical industry?
Short Answer Questions (2-3 Marks)
- Distinguish between ferrous and non-ferrous minerals with examples.
- What are the different types of coal found in India?
- Why is conservation of minerals necessary?
- What are the advantages of solar energy?
- Name any four nuclear power plants of India.
Long Answer Questions (5 Marks)
- Describe the distribution of iron ore in India.
- Explain the distribution of coal in India.
- Distinguish between conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.
- Describe the major petroleum producing areas of India.
- What are the non-conventional sources of energy? Explain any three with their advantages.
Quick Revision Points
- Odisha: Largest producer of Iron Ore, Manganese, Chromite, Bauxite (OCMB)
- Iron Ore Types: Magnetite (70% iron, best), Hematite (most used)
- Coal Types: Anthracite > Bituminous > Lignite > Peat (decreasing carbon)
- Jharia: Largest coalfield, best coking coal
- Raniganj: Oldest coalfield
- Digboi: Oldest oil field (Assam)
- Mumbai High: Largest oil producing field (63%)
- HBJ Pipeline: Hazira-Bijapur-Jagdishpur (Natural Gas)
- Nuclear Plants: TRK NKK (Tarapur, Rawatbhata, Kalpakkam, Narora, Kakrapar, Kaiga)
- Wind Energy: Tamil Nadu largest producer
- Thorium: India has largest reserves (Kerala coast)
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📚 RBSE Class 10 Geography – सभी अध्यायों के Notes (Hindi)
नीचे दिए गए लिंक से आप RBSE Class 10 Geography के सभी अध्यायों के नोट्स और मैप वर्क आसानी से पढ़ सकते हैं —
- 📘 RBSE Class 10 Geography Notes (Complete Book)
- 🌍 Chapter 1 – Resources & Development | संसाधन एवं विकास
- 🌲 Chapter 2 – Forest & Wildlife Resources | वन एवं वन्यजीव संसाधन
- 💧 Chapter 3 – Water Resources | जल संसाधन
- 🚜 Chapter 4 – Agriculture | कृषि
- ⛏ Chapter 5 – Minerals & Energy Resources | खनिज एवं ऊर्जा संसाधन
- 🏭 Chapter 6 – Manufacturing Industries | विनिर्माण उद्योग
- 🚆 Chapter 7 – Lifelines of National Economy | राष्ट्रीय अर्थव्यवस्था की जीवन रेखाएँ
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