⚗️ Class 12 Chemistry — Crash Revision 2026
CBSE 24 Feb Master Plan
Physical + Inorganic + Organic — Formulas, Reactions, Named Reactions
⏰ CBSE: 6 दिन बाकी — 24 Feb!
📢 CBSE Class 12 Chemistry (043): 24 फरवरी 2026 (मंगलवार) — 6 दिन बाकी!
🎯 Chemistry = Formulas + Reactions + Named Reactions! Practice करो, रटो, numericals solve करो = marks पक्के!
🎯 Chemistry = Formulas + Reactions + Named Reactions! Practice करो, रटो, numericals solve करो = marks पक्के!
📊 Section-wise Weightage — 70 marks (Theory)
23
⚗️ Physical
Ch.1-3
Ch.1-3
12
🧪 Inorganic
Ch.8-9
Ch.8-9
19
🔬 Organic
Ch.10-14
Ch.10-14
9
🔋 Surface + Polymers
Ch.4-5
Ch.4-5
7
💊 Biomolecules + Life
Ch.6-7, Ch.16
Ch.6-7, Ch.16
🎯 Strategy: Physical (23) + Organic (19) = 42/70 marks — ये 2 sections master करो!
⚗️ PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY — 23 marks
Ch.1: Solutions (विलयन) ⭐ NUMERICAL HEAVY
Key Points: Types of Solutions, Concentration (Molarity, Molality, Mole Fraction, ppm), Raoult's Law (P = P°×x), Ideal vs Non-ideal solutions (+ve & -ve deviation), Colligative Properties — Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure, Elevation of Boiling Point (ΔTb = Kb×m), Depression of Freezing Point (ΔTf = Kf×m), Osmotic Pressure (π = CRT), Van't Hoff Factor (i)।
📐 Must-Know Formulas:
• Raoult's Law: PA = P°A × xA
• ΔTb = Kb × m (boiling point elevation)
• ΔTf = Kf × m (freezing point depression)
• π = CRT (osmotic pressure, C = molarity)
• Van't Hoff factor: i = (1 + (n-1)α) for dissociation
• Mole fraction: xA = nA/(nA + nB)
📖 Solutions Notes → | 📖 Hindi Notes →
• Raoult's Law: PA = P°A × xA
• ΔTb = Kb × m (boiling point elevation)
• ΔTf = Kf × m (freezing point depression)
• π = CRT (osmotic pressure, C = molarity)
• Van't Hoff factor: i = (1 + (n-1)α) for dissociation
• Mole fraction: xA = nA/(nA + nB)
📷 +ve deviation (Acetone+CS₂): P > P°x | -ve deviation (Acetone+Chloroform): P < P°x
Ch.2: Electrochemistry (वैद्युतरसायन) ⭐⭐ MOST SCORING
Key Points: Electrochemical Cell vs Electrolytic Cell, Galvanic Cell (Daniel Cell), EMF, Nernst Equation, Standard Electrode Potential, Conductivity (κ), Molar Conductivity (Λm), Kohlrausch's Law, Faraday's Laws, Batteries (Primary: Leclanche, Secondary: Lead-acid), Fuel Cells, Corrosion।
📖 Electrochemistry Notes → | 📖 Hindi Notes →
📐 Must-Know Formulas:
• E°cell = E°cathode - E°anode
• Nernst Equation: E = E° - (RT/nF)ln Q = E° - (0.0591/n)log Q (at 298K)
• ΔG° = -nFE°cell
• Conductivity: κ = (1/R) × (l/A) = G × G*
• Molar Conductivity: Λm = (κ × 1000)/M
• Kohlrausch's Law: Λ°m = ν+λ°+ + ν-λ°-
• Faraday's: m = (M × I × t)/(n × F), F = 96485 C/mol
• E°cell = E°cathode - E°anode
• Nernst Equation: E = E° - (RT/nF)ln Q = E° - (0.0591/n)log Q (at 298K)
• ΔG° = -nFE°cell
• Conductivity: κ = (1/R) × (l/A) = G × G*
• Molar Conductivity: Λm = (κ × 1000)/M
• Kohlrausch's Law: Λ°m = ν+λ°+ + ν-λ°-
• Faraday's: m = (M × I × t)/(n × F), F = 96485 C/mol
📷 Daniel Cell + Nernst Equation — हर साल numerical आता है!
Ch.3: Chemical Kinetics (रासायनिक बलगतिकी) ⭐
Key Points: Rate of Reaction, Rate Law, Order & Molecularity, Zero/First/Second Order, Integrated Rate Equations, Half-life (t½), Arrhenius Equation, Activation Energy, Collision Theory।
📐 Must-Know Formulas:
• Rate = k[A]n (rate law)
• Zero Order: [A] = [A]₀ - kt, t½ = [A]₀/2k
• First Order: k = (2.303/t) log([A]₀/[A]), t½ = 0.693/k
• Arrhenius: k = Ae-Ea/RT, ln(k₂/k₁) = (Ea/R)(1/T₁ - 1/T₂)
• Units of k: Zero = mol L⁻¹s⁻¹, First = s⁻¹, Second = L mol⁻¹s⁻¹
📖 Kinetics Notes → | 📖 Hindi Notes →• Rate = k[A]n (rate law)
• Zero Order: [A] = [A]₀ - kt, t½ = [A]₀/2k
• First Order: k = (2.303/t) log([A]₀/[A]), t½ = 0.693/k
• Arrhenius: k = Ae-Ea/RT, ln(k₂/k₁) = (Ea/R)(1/T₁ - 1/T₂)
• Units of k: Zero = mol L⁻¹s⁻¹, First = s⁻¹, Second = L mol⁻¹s⁻¹
Ch.4: Surface Chemistry (पृष्ठ रसायन)
Key Points: Adsorption (Physical vs Chemical), Freundlich Isotherm (x/m = kP1/n), Catalysis (Homogeneous vs Heterogeneous), Colloids (Types, Properties — Tyndall effect, Brownian motion, Electrophoresis, Coagulation), Emulsions।
📌 Table: Physisorption vs Chemisorption — Enthalpy, Reversibility, Specificity, Temperature
Ch.5: General Principles of Isolation (धातुकर्म)
Key Points: Concentration of Ores (Gravity, Magnetic, Froth Flotation, Leaching), Extraction (Roasting, Calcination, Smelting), Refining (Distillation, Liquation, Electrolytic, Zone), Thermodynamic Principles (Ellingham Diagram), Extraction of Al, Cu, Fe, Zn।
📌 Must Know: Ellingham diagram — more negative ΔG° = more stable oxide, Carbon reduction line crosses metal oxide lines
🧪 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY — 12 marks (Easy Scoring!)
Ch.8: d & f Block Elements ⭐ EASIEST THEORY
Key Points: Electronic Configuration (n-1)d¹⁻¹⁰ns¹⁻², Variable Oxidation States, Colour (d-d transition), Magnetic Properties (paramagnetic/diamagnetic), Catalytic Activity, Alloy Formation, Interstitial Compounds। Lanthanoids & Actinoids (Lanthanoid Contraction)।
🔑 Important Compounds:
- KMnO₄ (Potassium Permanganate) — preparation, properties, structure
- K₂Cr₂O₇ (Potassium Dichromate) — preparation, oxidising properties
- Cr₂O₇²⁻ ⇌ 2CrO₄²⁻ (pH dependent: acidic = orange, basic = yellow)
🎨 Transition Metal Ion Colours (Reasoning में पूछा जाता है!):
• Cu²⁺ = नीला (Blue) | Ni²⁺ = हरा (Green) | Co²⁺ = गुलाबी (Pink)
• Fe³⁺ = पीला-भूरा (Yellow-brown) | Fe²⁺ = हल्का हरा (Pale green)
• Mn²⁺ = हल्का गुलाबी (Pale pink) | Cr³⁺ = हरा (Green) | Zn²⁺ = रंगहीन (d¹⁰ — no d-d transition!)
📌 Reason: d-d transition → visible light absorb → complementary colour दिखता है। d⁰ & d¹⁰ = colourless (no transition possible)
📖 d-block Notes → | 📖 Hindi Notes →• Cu²⁺ = नीला (Blue) | Ni²⁺ = हरा (Green) | Co²⁺ = गुलाबी (Pink)
• Fe³⁺ = पीला-भूरा (Yellow-brown) | Fe²⁺ = हल्का हरा (Pale green)
• Mn²⁺ = हल्का गुलाबी (Pale pink) | Cr³⁺ = हरा (Green) | Zn²⁺ = रंगहीन (d¹⁰ — no d-d transition!)
📌 Reason: d-d transition → visible light absorb → complementary colour दिखता है। d⁰ & d¹⁰ = colourless (no transition possible)
Ch.9: Coordination Compounds ⭐
Key Points: Werner's Theory, IUPAC Nomenclature, Isomerism (Geometric cis/trans, Optical, Linkage, Ionisation), Bonding — VBT & CFT, Crystal Field Splitting (Δ₀ for octahedral, Δt for tetrahedral), Spectrochemical Series, Applications।
📐 Must-Know:
• CFT: Δ₀ = 10Dq (octahedral), Δt = 4/9 Δ₀ (tetrahedral)
• Spectrochemical Series: I⁻ < Br⁻ < Cl⁻ < F⁻ < OH⁻ < H₂O < NH₃ < en < NO₂⁻ < CN⁻ < CO
• IUPAC naming: cation first, anion next; ligands alphabetical
• [Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻ = Hexacyanoferrate(II), [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺ = Hexaamminecobalt(III)
📖 Coordination Notes →
• CFT: Δ₀ = 10Dq (octahedral), Δt = 4/9 Δ₀ (tetrahedral)
• Spectrochemical Series: I⁻ < Br⁻ < Cl⁻ < F⁻ < OH⁻ < H₂O < NH₃ < en < NO₂⁻ < CN⁻ < CO
• IUPAC naming: cation first, anion next; ligands alphabetical
• [Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻ = Hexacyanoferrate(II), [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺ = Hexaamminecobalt(III)
📷 Octahedral CFT splitting: t₂g (dxy, dxz, dyz) ↓ और eg (dx²-y², dz²) ↑
🔬 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY — 19 marks (Highest!)
Ch.10: Haloalkanes & Haloarenes (हैलोऐल्केन)
Key Points: Classification, IUPAC Naming, SN1 vs SN2 mechanism, Elimination (E1/E2), Optical Isomerism (R/S configuration), Grignard Reagent, Wurtz Reaction, Fittig & Wurtz-Fittig Reaction।
⚗️ Key Reactions:
• SN2: CH₃Br + OH⁻ → CH₃OH + Br⁻ (1° — backside attack, inversion)
• SN1: (CH₃)₃CBr → (CH₃)₃C⁺ → product (3° — racemisation)
• Wurtz: 2R-X + 2Na → R-R + 2NaX
• Sandmeyer: ArN₂⁺ + CuCl → ArCl (or CuBr → ArBr)
📖 Haloalkanes Notes →• SN2: CH₃Br + OH⁻ → CH₃OH + Br⁻ (1° — backside attack, inversion)
• SN1: (CH₃)₃CBr → (CH₃)₃C⁺ → product (3° — racemisation)
• Wurtz: 2R-X + 2Na → R-R + 2NaX
• Sandmeyer: ArN₂⁺ + CuCl → ArCl (or CuBr → ArBr)
Ch.11: Alcohols, Phenols & Ethers ⭐⭐
Key Points: Classification, Preparation, Physical Properties, Acidity order (Phenol > Water > Alcohol), Reactions of Alcohols (Dehydration, Oxidation, Esterification), Reactions of Phenol (Electrophilic substitution — ortho/para directing), Williamson Synthesis (Ethers)।
⚗️ Named Reactions:
• Kolbe's Reaction: C₆H₅ONa + CO₂ + H₂O → Salicylic acid
• Reimer-Tiemann: Phenol + CHCl₃ + NaOH → Salicylaldehyde
• Williamson Synthesis: R-ONa + R'-X → R-O-R' (ether)
• Kolbe's Electrolysis: CH₃COONa → CH₃-CH₃ + CO₂
📖 Alcohols, Phenols Notes →• Kolbe's Reaction: C₆H₅ONa + CO₂ + H₂O → Salicylic acid
• Reimer-Tiemann: Phenol + CHCl₃ + NaOH → Salicylaldehyde
• Williamson Synthesis: R-ONa + R'-X → R-O-R' (ether)
• Kolbe's Electrolysis: CH₃COONa → CH₃-CH₃ + CO₂
Ch.12: Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids ⭐⭐ MOST IMPORTANT
Key Points: IUPAC Naming, Preparation (Oxidation, Ozonolysis, Rosenmund, Stephen), Nucleophilic Addition, Aldol Condensation, Cannizzaro, HVZ, Acidity of Carboxylic Acids, Esterification, Tests (Tollens', Fehling's, 2,4-DNP, Iodoform)।
⚗️ Named Reactions (MUST LEARN):
• Rosenmund Reduction: RCOCl + H₂/Pd-BaSO₄ → RCHO
• Stephen Reaction: RCN + SnCl₂/HCl → RCHO
• Aldol Condensation: 2CH₃CHO → CH₃CH(OH)CH₂CHO (β-hydroxy aldehyde)
• Cross Aldol: HCHO + CH₃CHO → HOCH₂CH₂CHO
• Cannizzaro: 2HCHO + NaOH → HCOONa + CH₃OH (disproportionation)
• Clemmensen Reduction: RCOR' + Zn-Hg/HCl → RCH₂R'
• Wolff-Kishner: RCOR' + NH₂NH₂/KOH → RCH₂R'
• HVZ (Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky): RCH₂COOH + Br₂/P → RCHBrCOOH
• Rosenmund Reduction: RCOCl + H₂/Pd-BaSO₄ → RCHO
• Stephen Reaction: RCN + SnCl₂/HCl → RCHO
• Aldol Condensation: 2CH₃CHO → CH₃CH(OH)CH₂CHO (β-hydroxy aldehyde)
• Cross Aldol: HCHO + CH₃CHO → HOCH₂CH₂CHO
• Cannizzaro: 2HCHO + NaOH → HCOONa + CH₃OH (disproportionation)
• Clemmensen Reduction: RCOR' + Zn-Hg/HCl → RCH₂R'
• Wolff-Kishner: RCOR' + NH₂NH₂/KOH → RCH₂R'
• HVZ (Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky): RCH₂COOH + Br₂/P → RCHBrCOOH
📷 ये Named Reactions रट लो = 8-10 marks guaranteed!
📷 Tollens' = Silver Mirror (Ag) | Fehling's = Red ppt (Cu₂O) | Iodoform = Yellow ppt (CHI₃) — ये 3 tests याद करो!
Ch.13: Amines (एमीन)
Key Points: Classification (1°, 2°, 3°), IUPAC Naming, Basicity order (2° > 1° > 3° in aqueous), Preparation (Reduction, Gabriel, Hoffmann), Reactions — Diazonium Salt, Coupling Reaction, Carbylamine test (isocyanide test for 1° amines)।
📌 Must Know: Aniline < NH₃ < CH₃NH₂ (basicity), Diazonium salt = ArN₂⁺Cl⁻ (0-5°C), Coupling = azo dye formation
Ch.14: Biomolecules (जैव अणु)
Key Points: Carbohydrates (Mono/Di/Polysaccharides, Glucose structure — open chain & cyclic), Proteins (Amino acids, Peptide bond, Primary/Secondary/Tertiary/Quaternary structure, Denaturation), Enzymes (Lock & Key model), Vitamins (Water-soluble: B, C; Fat-soluble: A, D, E, K), Nucleic Acids (DNA vs RNA, Nucleotide structure)।
📌 Must Know: Glucose = C₆H₁₂O₆ (aldohexose), Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose (non-reducing), Starch = amylose + amylopectin
Ch.15: Polymers + Ch.16: Chemistry in Everyday Life
Polymers: Addition vs Condensation, Thermoplastic vs Thermosetting, Important polymers — Nylon-6,6, Bakelite (phenol + formaldehyde), Teflon (PTFE), PVC, Polythene (LDPE/HDPE), Natural Rubber, Neoprene, Buna-S, Buna-N।
Everyday Life: Drugs (Analgesics, Antipyretics, Antibiotics, Antiseptics, Antifertility, Antihistamines, Tranquilizers), Chemicals in Food (Preservatives, Artificial sweeteners — Saccharin, Aspartame), Soaps vs Detergents (micelle formation)।
Everyday Life: Drugs (Analgesics, Antipyretics, Antibiotics, Antiseptics, Antifertility, Antihistamines, Tranquilizers), Chemicals in Food (Preservatives, Artificial sweeteners — Saccharin, Aspartame), Soaps vs Detergents (micelle formation)।
📌 Easy 5-7 marks: Definitions + examples याद करो — Analgesic (Aspirin), Antibiotic (Penicillin), Antiseptic (Dettol), Antifertility (Norethindrone)
📅 6-Day Crash Plan — CBSE 24 Feb
📅 Day 1-2 (18-19 Feb) — Physical Chemistry = 23 marks
Day 1: Ch.1 Solutions — Raoult's Law, Colligative properties, Van't Hoff factor। NCERT numericals solve करो।
📖 Notes → | 📖 Hindi →
📖 Notes → | 📖 Hindi →
Day 2: Ch.2 Electrochemistry (Nernst, Faraday's, Kohlrausch) + Ch.3 Kinetics (Rate law, First order, Arrhenius)।
📖 Electrochem → | 📖 Kinetics →
📖 Electrochem → | 📖 Kinetics →
📅 Day 3 (20 Feb) — Inorganic + Surface = 21 marks
Morning: Ch.8 d & f Block — properties, KMnO₄, K₂Cr₂O₇। Ch.9 Coordination — nomenclature, CFT, isomerism।
📖 d-block → | 📖 Coordination →
📖 d-block → | 📖 Coordination →
Evening: Ch.4 Surface Chemistry + Ch.5 Metallurgy — colloids, adsorption, Ellingham diagram।
📅 Day 4-5 (21-22 Feb) — Organic Chemistry = 19 marks
Day 4: Ch.10 Haloalkanes (SN1/SN2) + Ch.11 Alcohols, Phenols (Named Reactions: Kolbe, Reimer-Tiemann, Williamson)।
📖 Haloalkanes → | 📖 Alcohols →
📖 Haloalkanes → | 📖 Alcohols →
Day 5: Ch.12 Aldehydes & Ketones (Aldol, Cannizzaro, HVZ, Rosenmund, Tests) + Ch.13 Amines + Ch.14 Biomolecules।
📅 Day 6 (23 Feb — EXAM कल!) — Full Revision + Paper Practice
Morning: All formulas revise — Solutions, Electrochemistry, Kinetics। Numericals practice।
Afternoon: Named Reactions revise — Aldol, Cannizzaro, Kolbe, Reimer-Tiemann, Sandmeyer, HVZ। Conversion reactions।
Evening: Ch.15 Polymers + Ch.16 Everyday Life (definitions only)। Sample paper solve करो।
📄 Printable Notes →
📄 Printable Notes →
10 PM: 😴 सो जाओ! कल Chemistry exam। Fresh mind ज़रूरी।
📚 सम्पूर्ण Study Material
📖 Chapter Notes
⚗️ Ch.1 Solutions
⚗️ Ch.1 Solutions (Hindi)
⚗️ Ch.2 Electrochemistry
⚗️ Ch.2 Electrochemistry (Hindi)
⚗️ Ch.3 Chemical Kinetics
⚗️ Ch.3 Kinetics (Hindi)
🧪 Ch.8 d & f Block Elements
🧪 Ch.8 d-block (Hindi)
🧪 Ch.9 Coordination Compounds
🔬 Ch.10 Haloalkanes & Haloarenes
🔬 Ch.11 Alcohols, Phenols & Ethers
📝 Tests & Important Questions
❓ FAQ
Q: CBSE Chemistry कब है?
24 Feb 2026 (मंगलवार)। 6 दिन!
Q: सबसे ज़्यादा marks कहाँ से?
Physical (23) + Organic (19) = 42/70! ये 2 sections master करो।
Q: Named Reactions कितने?
Top 10: Sandmeyer, Kolbe, Reimer-Tiemann, Williamson, Cannizzaro, Aldol, HVZ, Rosenmund, Stephen, Wurtz। = 8-10 marks।
Q: Numericals कहाँ से?
Solutions (molarity, colligative) + Electrochemistry (Nernst) + Kinetics (rate constant) = 15-18 marks numericals।
Q: Organic कैसे तैयार करें?
Named Reactions रटो + Conversion reactions practice + Functional group tests याद करो।
Q: 6 दिन plan?
Day 1-2: Physical | Day 3: Inorganic | Day 4-5: Organic | Day 6: Revision + Paper।
Q: Easy scoring chapters?
d-block (theory), Coordination (naming), Everyday Life (definitions) = 12-14 easy marks।
Q: Pass marks strategy?
Inorganic (12) + Everyday Life (2) + Solutions numericals (5) + Named Reactions (8) = 27+ marks।
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