Chapter 1-ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS
INTRODUCTION, ELECTRIC CHARGE, CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS, BASIC
PROPERTIES OF ELECTRIC CHARGE- (Additivity of charges, Charge is conserved, Quantisation
of Charge), COULOMB'S LAW, FORCES BETWEEN MULTIPLE CHARGES, ELECTRIC FIELD
- (Electric field due to a system of charges, Physical significance of electric field),
ELECTRIC FIELD LINES, ELECTRIC FLUX, ELECTRIC DIPOLE - (The field of an electric
dipole - i. For points on the axis (ⅱ) For points on the equatorial plane, Physical significance of
dipoles), DIPOLE IN A UNIFORM EXTERNAL FIELD, CONTINUOUS CHARGE
DISTRIBUTION, GAUSS'S LAW, APPLICATIONS OF GAUSS'S LAW - (Field due to an
infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire, Field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet,
Field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell).

Chapter 2 - ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE
INTRODUCTION, ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL, POTENTIALDUE TO A POINT CHARGE,
POTENTIAL DUE TO AN ELECTRIC DIPOLE, POTENTIAL DUE TO A SYSTEM OF CHARGES,
EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES - (Relation between field and potential), POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A
SYSTEM OF CHARGES, POTENTIAL ENERGY IN AN EXTERNAL FIELD-(Potential energy of a single
charge, Potential energy of a system of two charges in an external field, Potential energy of a dipole in an
external field), ELECTROSTATICS OF CONDUCTORS-(Inside a conductor electrostatic fieldis zero, At the
surface of a charged conductor electrostatic field must be normal to the surface at every point, The interior of a
conductor can have no excess charge in the static situation, Electrostatic potential is constant throughout the
volume of the conductor and has the same value on its surface, Electric field at the surface of a charged
conductor, Electrostatic shielding), DIELECTRICS AND POLARISATION, CAPACITORS AND
CAPACITANCE, THE PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR, EFFECT OF DIELECTRIC ON CAPACITANCE,
COMBINATION OF CAPACITORS - (Capacitors in series, Capacitors in parallel), ENERGY STORED INA
CAPACITOR (only Formula).

Chapter3-CURRENT ELECTRICITY
INTRODUCTION, ELECTRIC CURRENT, ELECTRIC CURRENTS IN CONDUCTORS, OHM'S LAW,
DRIFT OF ELECTRONS AND THE ORIGIN OF RESISTIVITY-(Mobility), LIMITATIONS OF OHM'S
LAW, RESISTIVITY OF VARIOUS MATERIALS, TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF RESISTIVITY,
ELECTRICAL ENERGY- POWER, CELLS, EMF, INTERNAL RESISTANCE, CELLS IN SERIES AND IN
PARALLEL, KIRCHHOFF'S RULES, WHEATSTONE BRIDGE.

Chapter 4- MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM
INTRODUCTION, MAGNETIC FORCE - (Sources and fields, Magnetic Field - Lorentz Force, Magnetic
force on a current carrying conductor), MOTION IN A MAGNETIC FIELD, MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A
CURRENT ELEMENT - BIOT SAVART LAW, MAGNETIC FIELD ON THE AXIS OF A CIRGULAR
CURRENT LOOP, AMPERE'S CIRCUITAL LAW, THE SOLENOID, FORCE BETWEEN TWO
PARALLEL CURRENTS - THE AMPERE, TORQUE ON CURREN LOOP - MAGNETIC DIPOLE- (Torque
on a rectangular current loop in a uniform magnetic field, circular current loop as a magnetic dipole), THE
MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER.

Chapter 5- MAGNETISM AND MATTER
INTRODUCTION, THE BAR MAGNET - (The magnetic field lines, Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid-
only qualitative study, The dipole in a uniform magnetic field, The electrostatic analog), MAGNETISM AND
GAUSS'S LAW, MAGNETISATION AND MAGNETIC INTENSITY, MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS -(Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism, Ferromagnetism).

Chapter 6- ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
INTRODUCTION, THE EXPERIMENTS OF FARADAY AND HENRY, MAGNETIC FLUX, FARADAY'S
LAW OF INDUCTION, SLENZ'S LAW AND CONSERVATION OFENERGY, MOTIONAL
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE, INDUCTANCE - (Mutual Inductance, self-Inductance),AC GENERATOR.

Chapter 7-ALTERNATING CURRENT
INTRODUCTION, AC VOLTAGE APPLIED TO A RESISTOR, REPRESENTATION OF AC CURRENT
AND VOLTAGE BY ROTATING VECTORS - PHASORS, AC VOLTAGE APPLIED TO AN INDUCTOR,
AC VOLTAGE APPLIED TO A CAPACITOR, AC VOLTAGE APPLIED TO A SERIES LCR CIRCUIT -
(Phaser - diagram solution, Resonance), POWER IN AC CIRCUIT: THE POWER FACTOR,
TRANSFORMERS.

Chapter 8- ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
INTRODUCTION, DISPLACEMENT CURRENT, ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES- (sources of
electromagnetic waves, Nature of electromagnetic waves), ELECTROMAGMETIC SPECTRUM-(Radio
waves, Microwaves, Infrared waves, visible rays, ultraviolet rays, x-rays, Gamma rays).

Chapter 9-RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
INTRODUCTION, REFLECTION OF LIGHT BY SPHERICAL MIRRORS- (Sign convention, Focal length of
spherical mirrors, The mirror equation), REFRACTION, TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
(Total internal reflection in nature and its technological applications -i. Prism ii.Optical fibers), REFRACTION
AT SPHERICAL SURFACES AND BY LENSES- (Refraction at a spherical surface,Refraction by a lens,
Power of a lens, Combination of thin lenses in contact),REFRACTION THROUGH A PRISM, OPTICAL
INSTRUMENTS - (The microscope, Telescope).

Chapter-10 WAVE OPTICS
INTRODUCTION, HUYGENS PRINCIPLE, REFRACTION AND REFLECTION OF PLANE WAVES
USING HUYGENSS PRINCIPLE – (Refraction of a plane Wave, Refraction at a rarer medium, Reflection of a
plane wave by a plane surface), COHERENT AND INCOHERENT ADDITION OF WAVES,
INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT WAVES AND YOUNG’S EXPERIMENT- (only formula of bright and dark
fringes), DIFFRACTION - (only qualitative study)- (The Single slit, seeing the Single slit diffraction pattern),
POLARISATION.

Chapter-11 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER
INTRODUCTION, ELECTRON EMISSION, PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT –(Hertz’s observations, Hallwach’s
and Lenard’s observations), EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT- (Effect of intensity
of light on photocurrent, Effect of potential on photoelectric current, Effect of frequency of incident radiation on
stopping potential), PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT AND WAVE THEORY OF LIGHT, EINSTEIN’S

PHOTOELECTRIC EQUATION: ENERGY QUANTUM OF RADIATION, PARTICLE NATURE OF
LIGHT: THE PHOTON, WAVE NATURE OF MATTER.

Chapter-12 ATOMS
INTRODUCTION, ALPHA-PARTICLE, SCATTERING AND RUTHERFORD'S NUCLEAR MODEL OF
ATOM-(Alpha- Particle trajectory, Electron orbits), ATOMIC SPECTRA, BOHR MODEL OF THE
HYDROGEN ATOM (only formula of radius of nth orbit)- (Energy levels), THE LINE SPECTRA OF THE
HYDROGEN ATOM (Only qualitative Study), DE BROGLIE'S EXPLANATION OF BOHR'S SECOND
POSTULATE OF QUANTISATION.

Chapter-13 NUCLEI
INTRODUCTION, ATOMIC MASSES AND COMPOSITION OF NUCLEUS- (Discovery of Neutron), SIZE
OF THE NUCLEUS, MASS-ENERGY AND NUCLEAR BINDING ENERGY - (Mass-Energy, Nuclear
binding energy), NUCLEAR FORCE, RADIOACTIVITY, NUCLEAR ENERGY - (Fission, Nuclear fusion -
energy generation in stars, controlled thermo- nuclear fusion)

Chapter-14 SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS: MATERIALS, DEVICES AND SIMPLE CIRCUITS
INTRODUCTION, CLASSIFICATION OF METALS, CONDUCTORS AND SEMICONDUCTORS – (On the
basis of conductivity, on the basis of energy bands), INTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTOR, EXTRINSIC
SEMICONDUCTOR- (n-type semiconductor, p-type semiconductor), p-n Junction- (p-n junction formation),
SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE - (p-n junction diode under forward bias, p-n junction diode under reverse bias),
APPLICATION OF JUNCTION DIODE AS A RECTIFIER.

Solutions
   Types of Solutions- Solid, Liquid and gaseous solutions- Expressing Concentration of
   Solutions- Solubility of solids in Liquids - Solubility of gases in Liquids-Henry's Law,
   Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions- Raoult's Law- Determination of Molecular masses
   using Colligative Properties, Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions, Colligative Properties-
   Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure-Elevation of Boiling point- Depression of freezing
   point - Osmosis and osmotic pressure - Reverse osmosis and water purification,
   Abnormal Molar Masses-Van't hoff factor.

Electrochemistry
   Electrochemical Cells, Galvanic Cells- Measurement of Electrode Potential- Standard
   Electrode Potential, Nernst Equation and its application to chemical cells- Equilibrium
   Constant from Nernst Equation- Electrochemical Cell and Gibbs Energy of the
   Reaction, Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions-Measurement of the Conductivity of
   Ionic Solutions-Molar Conductivity and Limiting Molar Conductivity Variation of
   Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with Concentration-Kohlrausch's Law, Electrolytic
   Cells - Electrolysis and Laws of Electrolysis- Products of Electrolysis, Primary Batteries-
   Secondary Batteries (Lead Accumulator) ,Fuel Cells, Corrosion.

Chemical Kinetics
   Rate of a Chemical Reaction (Average and Instantaneous), Factors Influencing Rate of
   a Reaction-Dependence of Rate on Concentration- Rate Expression and Rate constant-
   Order of a Reaction- Molecularity of a Reaction, Integrated Rate Equations- Zero Order
   Reactions- First Order Reactions- Half-Life of a Reaction, Temperature Dependence of
   the Rate of a Reaction-Effect of Catalyst, Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions-
   Activation energy-Arrhenious equation.

The d-and f-Block Elements
   Position in the Periodic Table, Electronic Configurations of the d-Block Elements,
   General Properties of the Transition Elements (d-Block)-Physical Properties - Variation
   in Atomic and Ionic Sizes of Transition Metals- Ionisation Enthalpies- Oxidation States-
   Trends in the M2+/M Standard Electrode Potentials- Trends in the M3+/M2+ Standard
   Electrode Potentials- Trends of Stabilitiy of Higher Oxidation States- Chemical
   Reactivity and E Values- Magnetic Properties- Formation of Coloured Ions- Formation
   of Complex compounds- Catalytic Properties- Formation of Interstitial Compounds -

   Formation of Alloys, Preparation and Properties of Some important compounds of
   transition elements K2 Cr2 O7 and KMnO4 , The Lanthanoids- Electronic Configurations,
   Atomic and Ionic Sizes- Lanthanoid Contraction and its Consequences- Oxidation
   States- General Characteristics- Chemical Reactivity,The Actinoids- Electronic
   Configurations- Ionic Sizes- Oxidation States- General Characteristics - Comparison
   with Lanthanoids, Some Applications of d- and f-Block Elements.

Coordination Compounds
   Werner's Theory of Coordination Compounds, Definitions of Some Important Terms
   Pertaining to Coordination Compounds, Formulas and IUPAC Nomenclature of
   Coordination Compounds, Isomerism in Coordination Compounds- Geometric
   Isomerism- Optical Isomerism- Linkage Isomerism- Coordination Isomerism- Ionisation
   Isomerism- Solvate Isomerism, Bonding in Coordination Compounds- Valence Bond
   Theory-Magnetic Properties of Coordination compounds- Limitations of Valence Bond
   Theory- Crystal Field Theory- Colour in Coordination Compounds, Limitations of Crystal
   Field Theory, Bonding in Metal Carbonyls and Shapes, Importance and Applications of
   Coordination Compounds.

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
   Classification- On the Basis of Number of Halogen Atoms- Compounds containing sp3
   C–X Bond (X=F, Cl, Br,I)- Compounds containing sp2 C–X Bond, Nomenclature, Nature of
   C–X Bond, Methods of Preparation of Haloalkanes- From Alcohols- From Hydrocarbons-
   From Halogen Exchange, Preparation of Haloarenes, Physical Properties, Chemical
   Reactions- Reactions of Haloalkanes- Optical Rotation - Mechanism of Nucleophilic
   Substitution Reactions- Reactions of Haloarenes, Polyhalogen Compounds-Dichloro
   methane (Methylene chloride)- Trichloromethane (Chloroform)- Triiodomethane
   (Iodoform)- Tetrachloromethane (Carbon            tetrachloride)   -   Freons     -   p,p'-
   Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT).

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
   Alcohols- Classification, Nomenclature- Methods of preparation- Physical and Chemical
   properties ( of primary alcohols only)- Identification of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary
   alcohols- Mechanism of Dehydration- Some commercially important alcohols, Uses with
   sepecial reference to Methanol and Ethanol,
   Phenols- Nomenclature -Methods of preparation- Physical and Chemical properties -
   Acidic nature of Phenol- Electrophilic substitution reaction- Uses of Phenols,
   Ethers- Nomenclature- Methods of preparation- Physical and Chemical properties-
   Uses .

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
   Aldehydes and Ketones - Nomenclature - Nature and Structure of Carbonyl
   Compounds - Methods of Preparation - Physical and Chemical Properties- Mechanism
   of Nucleophilic addition Reaction-Reactivity of œ-Hydrogen in Aldehydes- Uses of
   Aldehydes and Ketones.
   Carboxylic Acids - Nomenclature - Acidic Nature and Structure - Methods of
   Preparation- Physical and Chemical Properties- Uses.

Amines
   Amine - Classification - Structure - Nomenclature- Methods of Preparation- Physical
   Chemical Properties- Basic Character of Amines ,
   Diazonium Salts - Method of Preparation - Physical properties, Chemical Reactions-
   Importance in Synthesis of Aromatic Compounds

Biomolecules
    Carbohydrates- Classification (Aldoses and ketoses)-Monosaccharides (Glucose and
    Fructose) & D-L Configuration - Disaccharides (Sucrose , Lactose and Maltose) ,
    Polysaccharides (Starch, Cellulose and Glycogen) Importance of Carbohydrates ,
    Proteins- Amino Acids (Peptide Bond, Polypeptides and Proteins)- Structure of Proteins
    - Denaturation of Proteins,
    Enzymes- Mechanism of Enzyme Action ,
    Vitamins- Classification and Functions, .
    Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) - Chemical Composition- Structure - Biological
    Functions,
    Hormones - Elementry Idea (Excluding Structure).

fu/kkZfjr iqLrds&
     1- jlk;u foKku ¼Hkkx 1 o 2½ d{kk 12&,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- ls izfrfyI;kf/kdkj vUrxZr izdkf'kr
       Chemistry (Part 1 & 2 ) Class 12 - NCERT's Book Published under Copyright.

CHAPTER -1 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS                                                 5
iq"i vko`rchft;ksa dk ,d vkd"kZd vax] fu"kspu&iwoZ% lajpuk,¡ ,oa ?kVuk,¡& iqadslj] y?kqchtk.kq/kkuh
rFkk ijkxd.k] L=hdslj] xq:chtk.kq/kkuh rFkk Hkzw.kdks"k] ijkx.k ]nksgjk fu"kspu¼f}&fu"kspu½]
fu"kspu&i'p% lajpuk,¡ ,oa ?kVuk,¡&Hkzw.kiks"k] Hkzw.k] cht] vlaxtuu ,oa cgqHkzw.krkA
Flower- A Fascinating organ of Angiosperms, Pre-fertilization: structures and events, Stamens,
Microsporangium and Pollen grain, The pistil, Megasprorangium and Embryosac, Pollination, Double
fertilisation, Post- Fertilisation : structures and events- Endosperm, Embryo, Seed , Apomixis and
Polyembryony.

CHAPTER -2 HUMAN REPRODUCTION                                                                  4
iq#"k tuu ra=] L=h tuu ra=] ;qXedtuu] vkrZo pØ] fu"kspu ,oa varjksZi.k] lxHkZrk ,oa Hkzw.kh;
ifjo/kZu] izlo ,oa nqX/klzo.kA
The Male Reproductive System , The Female Reproductive System , Gametogenesis , Menstrual Cycle,
Fertilisation and Implantation ,Pregnancy and Embryonic Development , Parturition and Lactation.

CHAPTER -3 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH                                                                  2
tuu LokLF;&leL;k,¡ ,oa dk;Zuhfr;k¡] tula[;k LFkk;hdj.k vkSj tUe fu;a=.k] lxHkZrk dk fpfdRlh;
lekiu] ;kSu lapkfjr laØe.k] caè;rkA
Reproductive Health–Problems and Strategies , Population Stabilisation and Birth Control, Medical
Termination of Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted infections, Infertility.

CHAPTER - 4 PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION                                                5
esaMy ds oa'kkxfr ds fu;e] ,d thu dh oa'kkxfr&izHkkfork fu;e] foLka;kstu fu;e ¼viw.kZ izHkkfork]
lg izHkkfork½ nks thuksa dh oa'kkxfr&Lora= viO;wgu dk fu;e] oa'kkxfr dk Øksekslkse fl)kar ]
lgyXurk vkSj iqu;ksZtu ] cgqthuh oa'kkxfr ] cgqizHkkfork] fyax fu/kkZj.k&e/kqeD[kh ,oa ekuo esa fyax

fu/kkZj.k] mRifjorZu] vkuqoaf'kd fodkj& oa'kkoyh fo'ys"k.k] esaMyh; fodkj&¼o.kk±/krk] gheksQhfy;k] nk=
dksf'kdk&vjDrrk] Qhukby dhVksuwfj;k] FkSyl  s hfe;k] Øksekslkseh; fodkj½A
Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance , Inheritance of One Gene- Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation
(Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance) Inheritance of Two Genes- Law of Independent Assortment,
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance, Linkage and Recombination, Polygenic Inheritance, Pleiotropy, Sex
Determination- Sex Determination in Honey Bee and Humans, Mutation, Genetic Disorders- Pedigree
Analysis, Mendelian Disorders- (Colour Blindness, Haemophilia, Sickle-cell anaemia, Phenylketonuria,
Thalassemia, Chromosomal Disorders).

CHAPTER -5 MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE                                                                  6
Mh,u,& ikWyhU;wfDy;ksaVkbM Ja`[kyk dh lajpuk] Mh,u, dqaMyh dk iSdsftax] vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ dh
[kkst& vkuqokaf'kd inkFkZ Mh,u, gSa] vkuqokaf'kd inkFkZ ds xq.k] vkj,u, lalkj] izfrd`fr& izk;ksfxd
izek.k] dk;Ziz.kkyh o ,atkbe] vuqys[ku& vuqys[ku bdkbZ] vuqys[ku bdkbZ o thu] vkj,u, ds izdkj
o vuqys[ku dk izØe] vkuqoaf'kd dwV& mRifjorZu o vkuqokaf'kd dwV] vUrj.k vkj,u, vuqdwyd v.kq]
LFkkukarj.k] thu vfHkO;fDr dk fu;eu& ySd izpkysd ¼ySd&vksijs ku½] ekuo thukse ifj;kstuk&
ekuo ftukse dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a] mi;ksx o Hkfo"; dh pqukSfr;ka] Mh,u, vaxqfyNkih¼Mh,u, fQaxj
fizfVax½A
The DNA -Structure of Polynucleotide chain, Packaging of DNA helix, The Search for Genetic Material-
The Genetic material is DNA, Properties of Genetic material, RNA world, Replication - The Experimental
proof , The Machinery and the Enzymes, Transcription - Transcription unit, Transcription unit and the
Gene, Types of RNA and the process of transcription, Genetic Code- Mutation and Genetic code, tRNA-
The adapter molecule, Translation , Regulation of Gene Expression- The Lac Operon, Human Genome
Project- Salient features of Human genome , Applications and future challenges, DNA Fingerprinting.

CHAPTER -6 EVOLUTION                                                                                   3
thou dh mRifÙk] thou&Lo:i dk fodkl & ,d fl)kar] fodkl ds izek.k] vuqdwyh fofdj.k] tSo
fodkl] fodkl dh fØ;k fof/k] gkMhZ&osuoxZ fl)kar] fodkl dk Lakf{kIr fooj.k] ekuo dk mn~Hko vkSj
fodklA
Origin of Life, Evolution of Life Forms – A theory, Evidences for Evolution, Adaptive Radiation, Biological
Evolution, Mechanism of Evolution , Hardy – Weinberg Principle, A Brief Account of Evolution, Origin
and Evolution of Man.

CHAPTER -7 HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE                                           6
ekuo esa lkekU; jksx] izfrj{kk&lgt izfrj{kk] mikftZr izfrj{kk] lfØ; vkSj fuf"Ø; izfrj{kk] Vhdkdj.k
vkSj izfrj{khdj.k] ,sythZ] Lo izfrj{kk] 'kjhj esa izfrj{kk ra=] ,M~l] dSalj] Mªx vkSj ,sYdksgy dqiz;ksx &
fd'kksjkoLFkk vkSj Mªx@,Ydksgy dqiz;ksx] O;lu vkSj fuHkZjrk] Mªx@,Ydksgy dqiz;ksx ds izHkko]
jksdFkke vkSj fu;a=.kA
Common Diseases in Humans, Immunity - Innate Immunity, Acquired Immunity, Active and Passive
Immunity, Vaccination and Immunisation, Allergies, Auto Immunity, Immune System in the body , AIDS ,
Cancer, Drugs and Alcohol abuse- Adolescence and Drug/Alcohol abuse , Addiction and dependence ,
effects of drug/alcohol abuse , Prevention and control.

CHAPTER -8 MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE                                                              5
?kjsyw mRiknksa esa lw{etho] vkS|ksfxd mRiknksa esa lw{etho&fdf.or is;] izfrtSfod] jlk;u] ,atkbe rFkk
vU; tSolfØ; v.kq] okfgrey mipkj esa lw{etho] ck;ksxSl ds mRiknu esa lw{etho] tSo fu;a=.k
dkjd ds :Ik esa lw{etho] tSo moZjd ds :i esa lw{ethoA

Microbes in Household Products, Microbes in industrial products- Fermented beverages, Antibiotics,
Chemicals, Enzymes and other bioactive molecules, Microbes in Sewage Treatment, Microbes in
Production of Biogas, Microbes as Biocontrol Agents , Microbes as Biofertilisers.

CHAPTER -9 BIOTECHNOLOGY : PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES
tSo izkS|ksfxdh ds fl)kar] iqu;ksZxt Mh ,u , rduhd ds lk/ku&izfrca/ku ,atkbe] Dyksfuax laokgd]
l{ke ijiks"kh vkfrFks; ¼iqu;ksZxt Mh,u, ds lkFk :ikarj.k gsrq½] iqu;ksZxt Mh ,u , izkS|ksfxdh ds
izØe&vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ ¼Mh,u,½ dk i`FkDdj.k] Mh,u, dks fof'k"V LFkyksa ij dkVuk] ihlhvkj dk
mi;ksx djrs gq, ykHkdkjh thu dk izo/kZu] iqu;ksZxt Mh,u, dk ijiks"kh dksf'kdk@tho esa fuos'ku]
ckgjh thu mRikn dks izkIr djuk] vuqizokg lalk/kuA
Principles of Biotechnology, Tools of recombinant DNA Technology-Restriction Enzymes, Cloning vectors,
Competent host (For Transformation with Recombinant DNA) , Processes of Recombinant DNA
Technology-Isolation of the Genetic material (DNA), Cutting of DNA at specific locations, Amplification of
Gene of interest using PCR, Insertion of Recombinant DNA into the Host Cell/Organism, Obtaining the
foreign Gene product, Downstream processing.

CHAPTER -10 BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS                                                          4
Ñf"k esa tSo izkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx] fpfdRlk esa tSo izkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx&vkuqoaf'kdr&fufeZr balqyhu]
thu fpfdRlk]vk.kfod funku ] ikjthoh tarq ¼Vªkaltsfud ,uheYl½ ] uSfrd eqn~nsA
Biotechnological applications in Agriculture, Biotechnological applications in Medicine-Genetically
engineered Insulin, Gene Therapy, Molecular diagnosis, Transgenic animals, Ethical issues.

CHAPTER -11 ORGANISMS AND POPULATION                                                                4
lef"V;k¡ & lef"V xq.k] lef"V o`f)] thou&o`Ùk fofHkUurk] lef"V ikjLifjd fØ;k,¡A
Populations - Population Attributes, Population Growth, Life History Variation, Population Interactions.

CHAPTER -12 ECOSYSTEM                                                                                   5
ikfjra= lajpuk ,oa fØ;k'khyrk] mRikndrk] vi?kVu] ÅtkZ izokg] ikfjfLFkfrd fijSfeMA
Ecosystem–Structure and Function , Productivity , Decomposition , Energy Flow, Ecological Pyramids.

CHAPTER -13 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION                                                               3
tSo fofoèkrk& i`Foh rFkk Hkkjr esa tSo fofoèkrk] tSo fofoèkrk ds izfr:i] tkrh; fofoèkrk dk ikfjra=
esa egÙo] tSo fofoèkrk dh {kfr] tSo fofoèkrk laj{k.kA
Biodiversity- Biodiversity on Earth and in India, Patterns of Biodiversity, The importance of species
diversity to the Ecosystem, Loss of Biodiversity, Biodiversity Conservation.

fu/kkZfjr iqLrd&
     1- Tkho foKku&,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- ls izfrfyI;kf/dkj vUrxZr izdkf'kr
        Biology - NCERT's Book Published under Copyright.

Relations and Functions - Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive and
      equivalence relations. One one and onto functions.

Inverse Trigonometric Functions - Definition, range, domain, principal value, Graphs
       of inverse trigonometric functions. Properties of Inverse Trigonometric function

Matrices - Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero matrix, identity matrix,
Operations on matrices. Simple properties of matrix. Transpose of a matrix, symmetric and
skew symmetric matrices, Invertible matrices

Determinants - Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3 matrices), minors, co-factors
and applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a
square matrix. solving system of linear equations in two or three variables using inverse of a
matrix.

Continuity and Differentiability - Continuity and differentiability, chain rule, derivative of
composite functions, derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions, derivative of implicit
functions. Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential functions. derivative of functions
expressed in parametric forms .Second order derivatives.

Applications of Derivatives - rate of change of quantities, increasing, decreasing
functions, maxima and minima                                                  5

Integrals - Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of
functions by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts, Evaluation of simple integrals of
the following types and problems based on them.

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof). Evaluation of definite integrals by
substitution, Basic properties of definite integrals.

Application of the Integrals - Applications in finding the area under simple curves,
especially lines, circles, parabolas, ellipses (in standard form only)

Differential Equations - Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a
differential equation. Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables,
solutions of homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree. Solutions of
linear differential equation of the type:


                  , where 𝑝 and 𝑞 are functions of 𝑥 or constants.


                  , where 𝑝 and 𝑞 are functions of 𝑦 or constants.

Vectors - Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction cosines and
direction ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors),
position vector of a point, negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors,
multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a
given ratio. Definition, scalar (dot) product of vectors, projection of a vector onto a line,
vector (cross) product of vectors.

Three-dimensional Geometry - Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining
    two points. Cartesian equation and vector equation of a line, skew lines, shortest
    distance between two lines. Angle between two lines.

Linear Programming - Introduction, related terminology such as constraints, objective
function, optimization, graphical method of solution for problems in two variables, feasible
and infeasible regions (bounded or unbounded), feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal
feasible solutions.

Probability - Conditional probability, multiplication theorem on probability, independent
events, total probability, Bayes’ theorem.